違(wei)法(fa)解除能否(fou)100%恢(hui)復勞動(dong)關系
（本文由勞動法鐘永棣老師原創）
【基本案情】
2008年(nian)11月(yue)張(zhang)某入職A公司(si)，雙方(fang)勞動(dong)合同約定“任何一方(fang)提前3個月(yue)通知(zhi)對(dui)方(fang)即(ji)可(ke)無條(tiao)件解(jie)除勞動(dong)合同”。2009年(nian)10月(yue)14日(ri)，A公司(si)書面通知(zhi)張(zhang)某，雙方(fang)勞動(dong)合同于(yu)2010年(nian)1月(yue)14日(ri)起解(jie)除。離職后張(zhang)某申請勞動(dong)仲裁(cai)，要(yao)求恢(hui)復(fu)勞動(dong)關(guan)系及補發離職后至恢(hui)復(fu)前的(de)勞動(dong)報酬(chou)。
2010年(nian)3月16日A公司(si)董事會基(ji)于經營困難決定提前解(jie)散公司(si)，隨后(hou)個別管(guan)理人員開(kai)始(shi)與相關客戶及上下(xia)游合作伙伴商談終(zhong)止(zhi)合作事宜(yi)，個別管(guan)理人員著手(shou)辦(ban)理公司(si)注銷相關手(shou)續。
【一審觀點】
一(yi)審(shen)(shen)法(fa)院(yuan)認為，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)法(fa)第八十七(qi)條(tiao)(tiao)的(de)規定(ding)，用人(ren)單位違反(fan)(fan)本法(fa)規定(ding)解除(chu)或(huo)者終止勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)，應(ying)當依照本法(fa)第四十七(qi)條(tiao)(tiao)規定(ding)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)補償(chang)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)二(er)倍向勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者支付賠(pei)償(chang)金。按該條(tiao)(tiao)文的(de)理(li)解，用人(ren)單位不(bu)(bu)得違反(fan)(fan)法(fa)定(ding)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)解除(chu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)，即違反(fan)(fan)法(fa)定(ding)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)解除(chu)理(li)由并不(bu)(bu)能成立。本案中，A公(gong)司(si)、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)某在合(he)(he)同(tong)中約定(ding)“提(ti)前(qian)三個月通知即可(ke)以無(wu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)解除(chu)合(he)(he)同(tong)”，顯然(ran)不(bu)(bu)在法(fa)定(ding)解除(chu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)之列，因(yin)此A公(gong)司(si)構(gou)成違法(fa)解除(chu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)，張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)某主張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恢復勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)系應(ying)予(yu)以支持。但(dan)至2010年(nian)3月16日，A公(gong)司(si)董事會決議作出之后，雙(shuang)方之間的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)所依據的(de)客觀(guan)情(qing)況發生重大(da)變化，雙(shuang)方之間的(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)無(wu)法(fa)繼續履(lv)行，故張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)某現在再要求(qiu)恢復勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)系，法(fa)院(yuan)殊難支持。隨(sui)后，一(yi)審(shen)(shen)法(fa)院(yuan)判(pan)決A公(gong)司(si)補發張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)某2010年(nian)1月14日至2010年(nian)3月16日的(de)工資(zi)，支付張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)某1.5個月工資(zi)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)補償(chang)及1個月工資(zi)的(de)代通知金。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)某不(bu)(bu)服，訴至二(er)審(shen)(shen)法(fa)院(yuan)。
【二審觀點】
二審法院(yuan)認為，張(zhang)(zhang)某(mou)(mou)要(yao)求(qiu)恢復(fu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)關系(xi)(xi)至(zhi)今的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)，根據(ju)(ju)我國勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法之相關規(gui)定(ding)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂立(li)時(shi)所(suo)依據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)(guan)情(qing)況發(fa)(fa)生重大(da)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，致(zhi)使(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)法履(lv)(lv)行，經(jing)用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者協(xie)商，未(wei)能(neng)就(jiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內容達成(cheng)協(xie)議的(de)(de)(de)，用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)提前(qian)三十日(ri)以書面(mian)形式(shi)通知勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者本(ben)人或(huo)者額(e)外(wai)支(zhi)付(fu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者一個月(yue)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)后，可以解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)(guan)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化亦(yi)指履(lv)(lv)行原(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)(guan)條件，如市場情(qing)況，生產設備(bei)條件、產品銷售條件、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)安全(quan)衛生條件等因(yin)發(fa)(fa)生不(bu)(bu)可抗力抑(yi)或(huo)出現其他情(qing)況致(zhi)使(shi)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)生產、工(gong)作崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)消失，從而發(fa)(fa)生了足以使(shi)原(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)履(lv)(lv)行或(huo)不(bu)(bu)必要(yao)履(lv)(lv)行的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，原(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)確立(li)的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)關系(xi)(xi)沒有存續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)。此系(xi)(xi)情(qing)勢(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)原(yuan)則在(zai)(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)確立(li)，目的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)追求(qiu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)平(ping)與正義(yi)。基(ji)于(yu)前(qian)述情(qing)形系(xi)(xi)因(yin)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者并(bing)無(wu)(wu)過錯(cuo)而因(yin)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)(guan)情(qing)況發(fa)(fa)生變(bian)(bian)(bian)化致(zhi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)法履(lv)(lv)行的(de)(de)(de)非過失解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)，為保障勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者利益，用人單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)必須在(zai)(zai)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者給予一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟補償。據(ju)(ju)本(ben)案在(zai)(zai)案事實及(ji)現有證據(ju)(ju)可見，A公(gong)司(si)因(yin)為自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營原(yuan)因(yin)，于(yu)2010年3月(yue)16日(ri)決(jue)定(ding)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)散公(gong)司(si)，該(gai)行為系(xi)(xi)企業自(zi)主(zhu)經(jing)營權的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現，并(bing)無(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)當。現公(gong)司(si)實際已(yi)在(zai)(zai)辦理注銷手續(xu)過程(cheng)中，租賃(lin)辦公(gong)用房也已(yi)退(tui)租，該(gai)公(gong)司(si)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)進(jin)行經(jing)營活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，其余員工(gong)都已(yi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，確無(wu)(wu)繼(ji)續(xu)設立(li)張(zhang)(zhang)某(mou)(mou)原(yuan)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)XX崗(gang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)，原(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)依據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)(guan)情(qing)況確已(yi)發(fa)(fa)生變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，雙方又(you)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)達成(cheng)一致(zhi)意見，故勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)。張(zhang)(zhang)某(mou)(mou)堅持要(yao)求(qiu)恢復(fu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)關系(xi)(xi)至(zhi)今，本(ben)院(yuan)難以支(zhi)持。依據(ju)(ju)法律規(gui)定(ding)及(ji)客(ke)(ke)觀(guan)(guan)事實，原(yuan)審法院(yuan)判令(ling)A公(gong)司(si)在(zai)(zai)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除(chu)(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，補發(fa)(fa)張(zhang)(zhang)某(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)，支(zhi)付(fu)張(zhang)(zhang)某(mou)(mou)經(jing)濟補償及(ji)一個月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)通金，并(bing)無(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)妥(tuo)，本(ben)院(yuan)應予以維持。
【分析建議】
勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)法鐘永棣老師認為，《勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同法》第四十(shi)八(ba)條(tiao)規(gui)定，用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)違反(fan)本法規(gui)定解(jie)除或(huo)者終止勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者要求(qiu)繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同的，用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)當(dang)繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)；勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者不(bu)要求(qiu)繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同或(huo)者勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同已經(jing)不(bu)能繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)的，用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)當(dang)依(yi)照本法第八(ba)十(shi)七條(tiao)規(gui)定支付賠(pei)償(chang)金(jin)。據此，一(yi)般情況下勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者享(xiang)有主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)權，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者要求(qiu)繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)的就應(ying)當(dang)繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者要求(qiu)賠(pei)償(chang)金(jin)（即2倍經(jing)濟補償(chang)）的就應(ying)當(dang)判令用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)支付賠(pei)償(chang)金(jin)；但當(dang)用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)出現勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同不(bu)能繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)的情形時(shi)，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)者將喪失(shi)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)權，這個情況下只能主(zhu)張(zhang)賠(pei)償(chang)金(jin)。至于哪些(xie)情形屬(shu)于勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)同不(bu)能繼(ji)續(xu)(xu)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)的情形，法律沒有明(ming)確規(gui)定；司法實踐中，需(xu)要用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)舉證(zheng)證(zheng)明(ming)和自(zi)圓其說，勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)仲裁員(yuan)或(huo)法官將結合(he)(he)(he)用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的實際情況、社會(hui)大眾的日常生活經(jing)驗，站在(zai)公平合(he)(he)(he)理的角(jiao)度進行(xing)(xing)(xing)綜合(he)(he)(he)分(fen)析與判斷。建(jian)議，用人(ren)(ren)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)應(ying)提(ti)前(qian)咨詢相關專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)士，研究清楚需(xu)要保(bao)(bao)留哪些(xie)證(zheng)據及如何保(bao)(bao)留。
本(ben)案中，法院認定(ding)雙(shuang)方(fang)不(bu)應繼續履(lv)行(xing)勞(lao)動合同是正確。但對于判決(jue)補(bu)發離職(zhi)后(hou)至(zhi)董(dong)事(shi)會決(jue)議解散前(qian)的(de)工資、1倍的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)補(bu)償(chang)及(ji)代通知(zhi)金，筆者(zhe)持有異議。過往(wang)大量的(de)判例表(biao)明，對于違(wei)法解除的(de)案件，要么繼續履(lv)行(xing)及(ji)補(bu)發離職(zhi)后(hou)至(zhi)復職(zhi)前(qian)的(de)工資，要么不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)但需支付2倍的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)補(bu)償(chang)，而極少(shao)出現本(ben)案的(de)判決(jue)結果(guo)，本(ben)案判決(jue)結果(guo)可(ke)能(neng)是一種折中的(de)做(zuo)法吧！
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