一、企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)挑戰相關內容 1. 從(cong)客戶(hu)需(xu)求到(dao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)表現(xian) - 在(zai)(zai)當(dang)今(jin)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)生產活動中，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈一體化是重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)趨勢。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)要(yao)關注客戶(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)聲（VOC），并將其(qi)(qi)與供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)表現(xian)相聯系(xi)。因為(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)直接影響(xiang)到(dao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)能否(fou)滿足客戶(hu)需(xu)求。例如(ru)(ru)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)接收到(dao)客戶(hu)對(dui)產品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、交貨(huo)期(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，而(er)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)原材料(liao)或零部件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、交貨(huo)及(ji)時性(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)都會(hui)影響(xiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)對(dui)客戶(hu)需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)。如(ru)(ru)果供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)部件(jian)經常(chang)延遲交貨(huo)或者質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不穩定，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)就難以(yi)向客戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)產品和及(ji)時的(de)(de)(de)交付服務。 - 供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)管理已成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)核(he)心(xin)競爭力之(zhi)(zhi)一。就像豐田汽車生產模式，其(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功建立在(zai)(zai)可(ke)靠、強而(er)穩的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)體系(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)上。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)營運模式和績效(xiao)很大(da)程度上取決于(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。例如(ru)(ru)，一個(ge)制造企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)如(ru)(ru)果供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)原材料(liao)總是有缺(que)陷(xian)，會(hui)導致企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)生產效(xiao)率降低，增加生產成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，甚至影響(xiang)產品的(de)(de)(de)市場競爭力。 2. 成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)考量(liang)(liang)(liang) - 企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)生存和發(fa)展過程中，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)是否(fou)滿意(yi)是個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)問題，其(qi)(qi)中包(bao)括工資成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、缺(que)陷(xian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)務成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)上，傳統(tong)觀(guan)念(nian)和現(xian)代觀(guan)念(nian)有很大(da)不同。傳統(tong)觀(guan)念(nian)認為(wei)提高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)會(hui)增加成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，而(er)現(xian)代觀(guan)念(nian)認識(shi)到(dao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)提升可(ke)以(yi)帶來(lai)長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)節約。例如(ru)(ru)，通過預防(fang)性(xing)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保證(zheng)方(fang)法，雖然在(zai)(zai)前(qian)期(qi)可(ke)能有一定投入，但從(cong)長期(qi)看可(ke)以(yi)減(jian)少因質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題導致的(de)(de)(de)廢品、返工和保修等(deng)(deng)(deng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。從(cong)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分布(bu)來(lai)看，故障成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)往往占比*，像廢品率37%、返工率23%、保修/優惠占40%等(deng)(deng)(deng)情況，這就更凸顯了(le)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)產品的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)。
二、供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發和評定(ding) 1. 過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li) - 過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)是評估供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)重要方(fang)面(mian)。這包(bao)括供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)效(xiao)率、穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性等。例(li)如(ru)，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)是否(fou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)在(zai)(zai)規定(ding)的(de)(de)時間(jian)內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出足(zu)夠(gou)(gou)數量(liang)(liang)且質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合格的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)。如(ru)果供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)常出現中斷、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)速(su)度(du)慢等問題，就(jiu)難以(yi)滿足(zu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)。對于一(yi)些(xie)對交貨期(qi)要求(qiu)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)來(lai)說，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)直接關系到(dao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)計劃能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)否(fou)順利執行。 2. 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li) - 供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)決定(ding)了其能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)否(fou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出符合企(qi)(qi)業(ye)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)。例(li)如(ru)，在(zai)(zai)高(gao)科技(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)中，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)需(xu)要供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)具備先進(jin)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)來(lai)制(zhi)造高(gao)精度(du)的(de)(de)零(ling)部件。如(ru)果供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)落后，可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)無法(fa)達到(dao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)規格、性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。而(er)且，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)強的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)更有可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)創新方(fang)面(mian)與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)進(jin)行合作，共同(tong)開(kai)(kai)發出更具競爭力(li)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)。 3. 質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系 - 供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系是衡量(liang)(liang)其質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保(bao)(bao)證能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。像(xiang)ISO 9001質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系標(biao)準就(jiu)是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)常見的(de)(de)衡量(liang)(liang)依(yi)據(ju)。一(yi)個(ge)(ge)完善的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)(gou)確保(bao)(bao)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)原材(cai)料采(cai)購(gou)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)檢驗等各(ge)個(ge)(ge)環節(jie)都進(jin)行有效(xiao)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)。例(li)如(ru)，通過(guo)(guo)建立質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)可以(yi)規范生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)控(kong)制(zhi)點(dian)進(jin)行嚴(yan)格監控(kong)，從而(er)保(bao)(bao)證產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性。
三、衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang) 1. 品(pin)(pin)質結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang) - 產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding) - 這是(shi)直接(jie)評(ping)估(gu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)對供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)進行(xing)各種(zhong)(zhong)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)、試(shi)驗等手段來測(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)其質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。例(li)如，對原材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學成(cheng)分分析、對零部(bu)(bu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物理性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)等。只有(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)符合(he)(he)(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)被企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)接(jie)受并用(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。 2. 品(pin)(pin)質過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力指(zhi)數Ca、Cp、Cpk、Ppk、Cmk及其應(ying)(ying)用(yong) - 這些(xie)指(zhi)數是(shi)衡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要工具。Ca反映了過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)度(du)(du)，Cp反映了過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)度(du)(du)，Cpk綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)考慮了準確(que)度(du)(du)和(he)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)度(du)(du)等。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)計(ji)(ji)算這些(xie)指(zhi)數來評(ping)估(gu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)否穩(wen)定(ding)、是(shi)否能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠持續(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出合(he)(he)(he)(he)格產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。例(li)如，在汽車制造行(xing)業(ye)(ye)，對于(yu)關鍵零部(bu)(bu)件供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)會要求其Cpk值達到一定(ding)水平(ping)，以確(que)保零部(bu)(bu)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)。 3. 品(pin)(pin)質測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法和(he)程(cheng)(cheng)序 - 抽樣(yang)(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua) - 抽樣(yang)(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)是(shi)在不能(neng)(neng)(neng)對供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)進行(xing)全面檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)時采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)效方法。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)以根據(ju)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)批(pi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)等因素制定(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽樣(yang)(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)。例(li)如，按照一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抽樣(yang)(yang)比例(li)從(cong)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)批(pi)次(ci)中抽取(qu)樣(yang)(yang)本進行(xing)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，如果(guo)樣(yang)(yang)本合(he)(he)(he)(he)格則判定(ding)整(zheng)批(pi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)合(he)(he)(he)(he)格。這樣(yang)(yang)既可(ke)以在一定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)上保證產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監控，又能(neng)(neng)(neng)節省檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)成(cheng)本和(he)時間。
四、其他重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容 1. 供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)證(zheng) - 對(dui)于(yu)新(xin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)估(gu)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)理(li)（SCM）部門會(hui)建立評(ping)估(gu)計(ji)(ji)劃。新(xin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)基于(yu)多種原(yuan)因，如(ru)(ru)(ru)新(xin)機種需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)類型材料(liao)而現(xian)(xian)有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)無法(fa)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、現(xian)(xian)有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)被淘汰需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)增補(bu)、現(xian)(xian)有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)不能(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)需(xu)(xu)求等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)評(ping)估(gu)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，會(hui)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)各個方(fang)面(mian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)審(shen)查，以(yi)確(que)保(bao)其有(you)能(neng)(neng)力(li)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)符合(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。 2. SQM程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu) - SQM（Supplier Quality Management）程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)包括預防、品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)證(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)監(jian)控(kong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)。在(zai)(zai)預防環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采取措施(shi)防止供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出現(xian)(xian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)；在(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)證(zheng)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)確(que)保(bao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)符合(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求；在(zai)(zai)監(jian)控(kong)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)表現(xian)(xian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)跟蹤監(jian)測。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)定(ding)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)審(shen)核、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)抽(chou)檢(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)式來(lai)(lai)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)控(kong)。 3. 質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制與改(gai)進(jin)(jin)方(fang)法(fa) - 質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學習(xi)抽(chou)樣(yang)檢(jian)驗、過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)制、統計(ji)(ji)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)基本方(fang)法(fa)和(he)(he)(he)技術(shu)。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)制圖來(lai)(lai)監(jian)控(kong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)否穩定(ding)。在(zai)(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)了(le)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)圈、六西格瑪(ma)、PDCA循環(huan)(huan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)法(fa)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)具。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)和(he)(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一起(qi)運(yun)用這些方(fang)法(fa)來(lai)(lai)不斷提(ti)高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)PDCA循環(huan)(huan)（計(ji)(ji)劃、執行(xing)(xing)、檢(jian)查、處理(li)）不斷優(you)化(hua)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。 4. 缺陷(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、客(ke)戶(hu)滿意(yi)度等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng) - 在(zai)(zai)缺陷(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)準確(que)、及時地記錄、分(fen)類和(he)(he)(he)解(jie)決產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)或(huo)服務的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，并(bing)(bing)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)其根本原(yuan)因。對(dui)于(yu)客(ke)戶(hu)滿意(yi)度，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)了(le)解(jie)如(ru)(ru)(ru)何測量(liang)(liang)并(bing)(bing)根據(ju)反饋結果(guo)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)關注客(ke)戶(hu)滿意(yi)度，因為(wei)最終產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)是(shi)(shi)面(mian)向客(ke)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)客(ke)戶(hu)對(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)不滿意(yi)，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)材料(liao)或(huo)零部件存(cun)在(zai)(zai)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，所(suo)以(yi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)共(gong)同努(nu)力(li)提(ti)升(sheng)客(ke)戶(hu)體驗。 5. 團(tuan)隊合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與溝(gou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)、過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng) - 在(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)，團(tuan)隊合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與溝(gou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)非常重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)采購(gou)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)管(guan)(guan)、研發(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)部門與供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)間要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)持(chi)(chi)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)與合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，研發(fa)部門將產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求準確(que)傳達(da)給供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，采購(gou)部門與供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)協調交貨期(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)各個工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)優(you)化(hua)，確(que)保(bao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)或(huo)服務質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性和(he)(he)(he)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)。 6. 內(nei)(nei)審(shen)與認證(zheng)、風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng) - 企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)掌握內(nei)(nei)部審(shen)核的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)和(he)(he)(he)技巧，為(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體系的(de)(de)(de)認證(zheng)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)支持(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)準備。同時，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)了(le)解(jie)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)基本原(yuan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)方(fang)法(fa)，預防和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)風(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)識別供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)風(feng)險(xian)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)原(yuan)材料(liao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)中(zhong)斷風(feng)險(xian)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)不穩定(ding)風(feng)險(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，并(bing)(bing)采取相應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)防范。 7. 數(shu)據(ju)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)與決策(ce) - 企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學會(hui)利用數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)決策(ce)，以(yi)支持(chi)(chi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。例如(ru)(ru)(ru)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)歷史質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，評(ping)估(gu)其質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)趨勢，從而決定(ding)是(shi)(shi)否繼續(xu)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)或(huo)者調整合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)策(ce)略等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。
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