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淺析建設工程造價的有效控制

 
講師:王會霞 瀏覽次數:2320
 淺析建設工程造價的有效控制是由王會霞老師主講的,當今的市場經濟逐步建立和發展,工程造價的管理也出現一些新情況、新問題,我們該如何采取有效措施?讓工程造價管理能盡快納入規范化、系統化、法制化軌道是現在要面臨的問題。

隨著市(shi)場(chang)經濟逐步建立和發展,工(gong)程造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)也出現(xian)一些新(xin)情(qing)況、新(xin)問(wen)題,如何采取有(you)效措施,使工(gong)程造價(jia)管(guan)理(li)(li)盡(jin)快(kuai)納入規(gui)范(fan)化、系統(tong)化、法制(zhi)化軌道,已是當務之(zhi)急。 

  1 工程造價管理(li)存在的主要問題 

  1.1 沒有形(xing)成完(wan)善的(de)、系(xi)統的(de)全過程造價管(guan)理體系(xi) ;

  我國(guo)現行的(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理制度(du)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)五十(shi)年代(dai)形成(cheng)、八十(shi)年代(dai)完(wan)善起(qi)來的(de)(de)(de)。表現為(wei)國(guo)家直(zhi)接參與和管理經濟(ji)活動(dong)。隨著計劃經濟(ji)向市(shi)(shi)場經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變,工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)職能(neng)沒有隨著形勢發展及(ji)時(shi)轉(zhuan)變, 即實現由靜態管理向動(dong)態管理、由微(wei)觀控制為(wei)主向宏觀調控為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變。市(shi)(shi)場調節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)對工程(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)影響越來越大。但(dan)是(shi),無論是(shi)政府公告(gao)還是(shi)市(shi)(shi)場信(xin)息(xi)都普遍(bian)滯后于應用(yong)時(shi)期(qi), 很難做到對工程(cheng)(cheng)建設全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)動(dong)態地造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)管理, 造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)工程(cheng)(cheng)建設各階(jie)段(duan)和各環(huan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)確定和控制脫(tuo)節(jie)。另外,由于申報建設項(xiang)目(mu)能(neng)否(fou)立項(xiang)要受審批權限的(de)(de)(de)制約(yue), 一些地方(fang)和部門(men)為(wei)了爭(zheng)上項(xiang)目(mu)和爭(zheng)取貸款,而設計單(dan)位(wei)為(wei)了多招攬(lan)業務,在(zai)(zai)可行性研究和初步設計階(jie)段(duan)往往缺乏實事(shi)求是(shi)的(de)(de)(de)精神(shen),故(gu)意漏項(xiang),人為(wei)地壓低投資(zi)估算(suan)和概算(suan),使其(qi)控制在(zai)(zai)有關部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)審批權限內。這樣的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu),一旦批準立項(xiang),施工后便以(yi)種(zhong)種(zhong)理由追(zhui)加投資(zi),使工程(cheng)(cheng)投資(zi)難以(yi)控制。 

  1.2 定額已不適應市(shi)場(chang)變(bian)化 

  現行的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)及取費(fei)標準(zhun)是由政府有關(guan)機構組織(zhi)專門機構進行勘測(ce)(ce)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de), 它反映的(de)是一定(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)期內(nei)社會生產力發展水平(ping),整個定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)體系從查測(ce)(ce)到頒發實(shi)施(shi)歷時(shi)較(jiao)久,更新周期較(jiao)長。而(er)在這一過(guo)程中,施(shi)工手段和施(shi)工方法日趨先進,市場條件不斷變(bian)(bian)化(hua),現行定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)不能準(zhun)確(que)地(di)反映當時(shi)當地(di)的(de)實(shi)際工程造價(jia),定(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)已不適應市場變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。 

  1.3 定額費(fei)用混淆 

  現行定額(e)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)繁多(duo),當投標單位(wei)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)統一定額(e)和(he)取費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)標準編制(zhi)(zhi)報價中標后,由(you)于定額(e)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)、費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)與實際的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術和(he)方法脫(tuo)節(jie),合同(tong)單價不能作為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本支出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)依據。因此,許多(duo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業要在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期間回歸(gui)自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)實際水平,就要在總造(zao)價內(nei)(nei)調劑平衡(heng),編制(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)部預(yu)算單價,進行成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),這樣(yang)往(wang)往(wang)使(shi)許多(duo)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)難以平衡(heng),費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)混淆,造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項目成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本管理失控(kong)(kong)。有些地區和(he)行業,取費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)率(lv)按施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業資質(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)級劃分(fen),造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了同(tong)一工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程,不同(tong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價管理不一致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)局面,以致(zhi)出(chu)現了高資質(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業中標,然后再轉(zhuan)包給級別低的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍,以從中獲取級差的(de)(de)(de)現象。 

  2 控(kong)制工程造價的措施 

  2.1 決策階段工程造價(jia)的控制(zhi) 

  工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)確定(ding)(ding)與(yu)控制(zhi)貫穿于項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),可以說決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)階(jie)段的(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)內容(rong)是決(jue)(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)基礎(chu),工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)各項(xiang)技術經濟決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce), 對(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價有(you)著重(zhong)大的(de)(de)影響(xiang),特(te)別是建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)標準(zhun)水平的(de)(de)確定(ding)(ding)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)地(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)選擇、工(gong)藝的(de)(de)選擇、設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)選用等,都直接關系到工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)高低。據有(you)關資料,在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)各階(jie)段中,投(tou)資決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)階(jie)段對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價的(de)(de)影響(xiang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度最高, 可達到70%~80%。因此,應在(zai)投(tou)資決(jue)(jue)(jue)策(ce)階(jie)段采取有(you)效措施控制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)價。 

  2.1.1 積(ji)極(ji)做(zuo)好項目決策前的(de)準備工作。認(ren)真搜集有關(guan)資料,如設備運行情況、設備技術參數、需要(yao)解決的(de)問(wen)題等。 

  2.1.2 切(qie)實(shi)做好項目可行性研究報告。根據市場(chang)需求及發(fa)展前(qian)景合理確定工程的(de)規模及建筑標(biao)準,編寫(xie)具有較強說服(fu)力和可行性的(de)立項申請,爭(zheng)取(qu)項目早日立項。 

  2.1.3 科(ke)學進行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的效益(yi)分(fen)析,編(bian)制(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(gu)算。投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(gu)算編(bian)制(zhi)要有依據,要盡(jin)可(ke)能細致、全面。從現實出發,充分(fen)考慮(lv)到(dao)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)能出現的各種(zhong)情(qing)況及不利因素對工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價的影響,考慮(lv)市場情(qing)況及建(jian)設期間(jian)預留(liu)價格浮動系數,使投(tou)(tou)資(zi)基(ji)本上符合實際并(bing)留(liu)有余地,使投(tou)(tou)資(zi)估(gu)算真正(zheng)起到(dao)控制(zhi)項目(mu)總投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的作用。 

  2.2 設(she)計階段工程(cheng)造價的控制 

  設計(ji)(ji)階(jie)段(duan)是確定與控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)重點階(jie)段(duan)。盡管設計(ji)(ji)費在建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)費用中只占1.5%—2%,但對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)可(ke)(ke)達(da)75%以上(shang)(shang)。由此(ci)可(ke)(ke)見(jian),設計(ji)(ji)質量的(de)好差直接影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)建設費用的(de)多少。合理(li)科學(xue)的(de)設計(ji)(ji),可(ke)(ke)降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價10%左(zuo)右(you),但在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)(ji)中不少設計(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)重技術、輕(qing)經(jing)濟(ji),任意提高安全(quan)(quan)系(xi)數或設計(ji)(ji)標準,而對經(jing)濟(ji)上(shang)(shang)的(de)合理(li)性考慮得(de)較少,從根本上(shang)(shang)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)了項目成本的(de)有(you)效(xiao)控(kong)制(zhi)。有(you)效(xiao)的(de)方法(fa)是:

 2.2.1 實行(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)招(zhao)標。擇優選(xuan)擇設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)單位,積極推行(xing)建(jian)筑方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)與經(jing)濟方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)相結合的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)招(zhao)標方(fang)法, 設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)采用(yong)(yong)招(zhao)投標制(zhi)將會(hui)促(cu)使設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)增強風險意識并自覺運(yun)用(yong)(yong)價值工程對方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)進行(xing)優化設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji), 提高設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)水平和經(jing)濟核算質量。 

  2.2.2 推行(xing)限(xian)額(e)(e)設(she)計(ji)(ji),加(jia)強動態(tai)管理。積極推行(xing)限(xian)額(e)(e)設(she)計(ji)(ji), 健全設(she)計(ji)(ji)經(jing)濟(ji)責(ze)任(ren)制(zhi), 把技(ji)術和經(jing)濟(ji)有機地結合起來, 并嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更, 以保證投(tou)資(zi)限(xian)額(e)(e)不輕易被突破。這就要求設(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員應熟(shu)悉掌握建筑工程(cheng)預算(suan)定額(e)(e)及費用(yong)定額(e)(e),熟(shu)悉建筑材料預算(suan)價格,然后按項目投(tou)資(zi)估算(suan)控制(zhi)初步設(she)計(ji)(ji)概算(suan), 再用(yong)初步設(she)計(ji)(ji)概算(suan)控制(zhi)施(shi)工圖設(she)計(ji)(ji)概算(suan)。 

  2.2.3 采用合同(tong)措(cuo)施,有效控(kong)制(zhi)造價。針對目前設(she)計(ji)人(ren)員經(jing)濟觀念(nian)淡薄(bo)、設(she)計(ji)變更快的現狀,應在設(she)計(ji)合同(tong)經(jing)濟條款上,增加設(she)計(ji)變更及(ji)修改(gai)的費用額度(du)限制(zhi)條款,如設(she)計(ji)變更費超出施工合同(tong)價的某一比例(如3%)時,則扣罰一定比例的設(she)計(ji)費。采取一定的約(yue)束力是(shi)對設(she)計(ji)規范、設(she)計(ji)標(biao)準、工程量與概預(yu)算(suan)指標(biao)等各方(fang)面控(kong)制(zhi)的一種舉措(cuo)。 

  2.3 招標投標階段(duan)的造價控制 

  工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招標(biao)包括(kuo)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)招標(biao)和(he)(he)設備(bei)、材料(liao)采購招標(biao)兩個(ge)方面,通過(guo)招標(biao)擇優選擇施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位和(he)(he)材料(liao)供應商,這對項目(mu)投資乃至質(zhi)量、進度的(de)控制都有至關(guan)重要的(de)作用(yong),在此過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)應注意以下幾點: 

  2.3.1 招標工作應(ying)遵循公平、公開、公正、誠信的(de)原則。招標前,應(ying)嚴格審查投(tou)標單位資質,必要(yao)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)實地考察(cha),避(bi)免“特級企業投(tou)標,一級企業轉包,二(er)級企業進(jin)場”等不正常現象(xiang),這對項(xiang)目成(cheng)本控制非常不利。 

  2.3.2 做(zuo)好招標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)的(de)(de)編制工(gong)作。造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理人(ren)員應收(shou)集、積累(lei)、篩(shai)選、分析(xi)(xi)和總結各類(lei)有價(jia)值的(de)(de)數據(ju)、資料,對影響工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)各種因素進(jin)行鑒別、預測、分析(xi)(xi)、評價(jia),然后編制招標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)。對招標(biao)文(wen)件(jian)中涉(she)及費用(yong)的(de)(de)條款要(yao)反(fan)復(fu)推敲,盡量做(zuo)到“知(zhi)(zhi)己知(zhi)(zhi)彼”,以利(li)于日后的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制。 

  2.3.3 做好(hao)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)簽定工作。應按(an)合(he)(he)同(tong)內容明確協(xie)議條(tiao)款,對合(he)(he)同(tong)中涉及的(de)費用如工期、價(jia)款的(de)結算方式、違約爭議處(chu)理等,都應有明確的(de)約定。 

  2.4 施工階段的造(zao)價控制 

  施工(gong)階段是(shi)資金投入的(de)最大(da)階段, 是(shi)招(zhao)投標工(gong)作的(de)延伸,是(shi)合同的(de)具體(ti)化。加強施工(gong)控(kong)制,就是(shi)加強履約行為的(de)管(guan)理(li)。 

  2.4.1 抓好合(he)同管理,減少工(gong)程(cheng)索賠(pei)。在施(shi)工(gong)階段,成本控(kong)(kong)制的關(guan)鍵是(shi)對工(gong)程(cheng)變更(geng)實行(xing)有效控(kong)(kong)制。針對目(mu)前工(gong)程(cheng)量清單報價,施(shi)工(gong)單位往往采取“低價中(zhong)標,索賠(pei)贏(ying)利” 的方(fang)式承攬工(gong)程(cheng)。作為業主方(fang)造價管理人員要(yao)做到事前把(ba)關(guan),主動監(jian)控(kong)(kong),嚴格審核工(gong)程(cheng)變更(geng),計(ji)算各項變更(geng)對總投資的影(ying)響,從使用(yong)功能、經濟美(mei)觀等角(jiao)度確定是(shi)否需要(yao)進行(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)變更(geng),減少不必要(yao)的工(gong)程(cheng)費用(yong)支(zhi)出(chu),避免投資失控(kong)(kong)。 

  2.4.2 從工程(cheng)(cheng)管理機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)上健全投(tou)資(zi)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)。從管理模式上著(zhu)手, 建立建設監(jian)理制(zhi)(zhi), 追求項目投(tou)資(zi)的有效(xiao)控制(zhi)(zhi), 按照監(jian)理規定和實施(shi)細則, 完善(shan)職(zhi)責分(fen)工及有關(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)度, 落(luo)實責任(ren), 從工程(cheng)(cheng)管理機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)上建立健全投(tou)資(zi)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)。 

  2.4.3 從技(ji)(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)上展(zhan)開項目(mu)投資的(de)(de)有效(xiao)控制(zhi)。對主要(yao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術方(fang)案在(zai)做好論(lun)證(zheng)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,廣(guang)泛應用新(xin)材(cai)料、新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術,想方(fang)設(she)法在(zai)技(ji)(ji)術上實(shi)施(shi)項目(mu)投資的(de)(de)有效(xiao)控制(zhi)。據(ju)統計,材(cai)料費(fei)一(yi)般占(zhan)直(zhi)接工(gong)(gong)程費(fei)的(de)(de)70%左右。同時,直(zhi)接費(fei)的(de)(de)高低影(ying)響到間接費(fei)的(de)(de)高低,因此(ci),選(xuan)用新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)材(cai)料、新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術,是(shi)提(ti)高勞動(dong)生(sheng)產率和(he)縮短工(gong)(gong)期的(de)(de)有力(li)保證(zheng)。 

  2.5 竣工(gong)階段(duan)的造(zao)價控制(zhi) 

  竣工(gong)(gong)階段是成本控制的最后階段。竣工(gong)(gong)決(jue)算(suan)是反映(ying)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際造價(jia)和(he)投(tou)資效果(guo)的文件(jian)。及時(shi)、準(zhun)確(que)地對(dui)竣工(gong)(gong)決(jue)算(suan)審核,對(dui)于總結分析建(jian)(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)的經(jing)驗教訓,提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)管理水平都具(ju)有重要(yao)意義。在確(que)定工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)時(shi),堅持以現行(xing)的計價(jia)規范為依(yi)據(ju),按照施工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)和(he)招標文件(jian)的規定,根(gen)據(ju)竣工(gong)(gong)圖,結合現場簽證(zheng)和(he)設(she)計變(bian)更(geng)進行(xing)審核。同(tong)時(shi)要(yao)堅持深入(ru)現場, 掌握工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)動態,了解(jie)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是否按圖紙和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)施工(gong)(gong),細致(zhi)認(ren)真地核對(dui),確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結算(suan)的質量,提(ti)高投(tou)資效益。

3 結(jie)束語 

  綜上所(suo)述,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)是(shi)一個(ge)動(dong)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng),涉及到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)多(duo)方面,它與(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)中每個(ge)環節緊密相連(lian),控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價不(bu)僅是(shi)領(ling)導者和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術(shu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責,而且是(shi)每一位工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)參與(yu)者份內之事。提(ti)高(gao)造價人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)素質,提(ti)高(gao)技術(shu)經濟分析論(lun)證能(neng)力(li),提(ti)高(gao)設(she)(she)(she)計產品的(de)(de)(de)經濟性能(neng),增(zeng)強(qiang)企(qi)業市場競爭(zheng)力(li),為(wei)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)長遠(yuan)發(fa)展奠定基礎(chu)。



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