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中國企業培訓講師

如何走活項目管理這盤棋

 
講師:張壽春 瀏覽次數:2272
 在項目管理中,理順三層關系、搞好三制建設和三線控制是貫徹項目法施工管理的基本要求。三層關系即企業法人層、項目管理層和工程隊作業層,明確三者之間的職能和責任定位,是實施項目管理的基石。根據企業性質和特點,在項目管理體制上,我們建立和完善了項目經理責任制、黨政共同負責制和項目成本獨立核算制相結合的領導體

在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong),理(li)(li)順三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)關系、搞(gao)好三(san)制(zhi)(zhi)建設和三(san)線控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)是貫徹項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)法(fa)施(shi)工管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)基(ji)(ji)本要(yao)求(qiu)。三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)關系即企業(ye)(ye)法(fa)人層(ceng)(ceng)、項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層(ceng)(ceng)和工程(cheng)隊作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)層(ceng)(ceng),明確(que)三(san)者之間(jian)的(de)職能(neng)和責任定(ding)位,是實(shi)施(shi)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)基(ji)(ji)石。根據企業(ye)(ye)性質(zhi)和特(te)點(dian),在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),我們建立和完(wan)善了(le)(le)(le)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)經理(li)(li)責任制(zhi)(zhi)、黨政共同負責制(zhi)(zhi)和項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成(cheng)本獨立核算(suan)(suan)(suan)制(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)結(jie)合的(de)領導體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)和核算(suan)(suan)(suan)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi),明確(que)了(le)(le)(le)在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)上(shang),誰(shui)說(shuo)了(le)(le)(le)算(suan)(suan)(suan)和實(shi)現(xian)什么目(mu)(mu)標(biao)等問題(ti)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),我們經過(guo)(guo)完(wan)善、提高(gao),形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)實(shi)際(ji)運作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)三(san)條(tiao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)網絡,即過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、動態管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、節(jie)點(dian)考(kao)核的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線,標(biao)價分離、資產(chan)評估、分層(ceng)(ceng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、集約增效控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線,文明施(shi)工、安全質(zhi)量、立體(ti)(ti)標(biao)準化形象控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線,從而使項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、經濟(ji)效益、企業(ye)(ye)形象都(dou)有了(le)(le)(le)明確(que)的(de)定(ding)位和要(yao)求(qiu),為走活項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)這(zhe)盤棋(qi)奠定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)堅實(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎。


  二(er)、完(wan)善項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)理制(zhi)度,做(zuo)到(dao)規范化管(guan)理
  在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)(li)上,我們在嚴(yan)(yan)格執行局集團公(gong)司“一個(ge)(ge)定額(e)兩個(ge)(ge)匯編”項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)(li)若干(gan)規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),根據形勢的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)和項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)際運作(zuo)過程中(zhong)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)情況(kuang)新(xin)問題,研(yan)究新(xin)情況(kuang),解決新(xin)問題,揚長避短(duan),及(ji)時(shi)堵塞管理(li)(li)漏洞,做(zuo)到(dao)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)化(hua)管理(li)(li)不動搖,并于2003年初完(wan)善出(chu)臺了(le)(le)(le)本(ben)公(gong)司《項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)定》以及(ji)與安全、質量(liang)、環境三大貫標體(ti)系(xi)相適應的(de)(de)(de)10個(ge)(ge)管理(li)(li)辦法和細則(ze)(ze),我們視之為(wei)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)(li)行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)“基本(ben)法”或“基本(ben)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)”,誰(shui)破壞了(le)(le)(le)“規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)”,誰(shui)就要受(shou)到(dao)“規(gui)(gui)則(ze)(ze)”的(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)(yan)厲制裁,保證了(le)(le)(le)各項(xiang)(xiang)制度的(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)(yan)肅性,促進了(le)(le)(le)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管理(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)化(hua)建(jian)設。

  三、完善內部招標市場(chang),加大成本控制力度(du)
  項(xiang)目(mu)管理盡管涉及(ji)方(fang)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian),但(dan)其(qi)核(he)心(xin),一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把項(xiang)目(mu)干好(hao),取得良(liang)好(hao)業績(ji)和(he)社會(hui)信譽;二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)精算,取得經濟(ji)效(xiao)益*化。經濟(ji)效(xiao)益的(de)取得,關鍵在加大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)力度,主要有(you)四個方(fang)面(mian)(mian):第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)要建(jian)立項(xiang)目(mu)總(zong)體成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er),完善內(nei)部物(wu)資、設備和(he)勞務招(zhao)標(biao)市(shi)場,從物(wu)資設備采購的(de)源頭上控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。內(nei)部招(zhao)標(biao)市(shi)場在實(shi)踐中完善提高,顯示了(le)(le)(le)巨(ju)大(da)優勢,可(ke)以概(gai)括為(wei)五個方(fang)面(mian)(mian):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通過招(zhao)標(biao)選用了(le)(le)(le)優良(liang)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業隊(dui),降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)(le)人(ren)工(gong)費(fei)用;二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)程材(cai)料(liao)優中選優,降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)料(liao)費(fei)支出;三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管理費(fei)用定額(e)包干使用,降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)(le)非(fei)生產性支出;四是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)(le)設備和(he)配件采購費(fei)用,加大(da)了(le)(le)(le)固定資產投入;五是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)效(xiao)地制(zhi)(zhi)約了(le)(le)(le)項(xiang)目(mu)經理的(de)權力,杜絕了(le)(le)(le)暗箱操作(zuo)而造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)效(xiao)益流(liu)失(shi)“黑洞”,實(shi)現了(le)(le)(le)“陽光采購”,極大(da)的(de)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)程成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。第(di)(di)(di)三(san),要建(jian)立自我約束機制(zhi)(zhi)。施(shi)工(gong)各(ge)環(huan)節、各(ge)崗位都要按照分項(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben),制(zhi)(zhi)定出控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)具體措施(shi),實(shi)行(xing)自我約束,自我控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),使成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算在每一(yi)(yi)環(huan)節和(he)崗位都得到落實(shi)。第(di)(di)(di)四,建(jian)立成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)節超獎(jiang)(jiang)罰激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)。要通過階段性和(he)分項(xiang)工(gong)程成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)考核(he),對節超成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)情況進行(xing)獎(jiang)(jiang)罰,切實(shi)把成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)核(he)算與獎(jiang)(jiang)懲有(you)機地結合起來,使成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)真(zhen)正(zheng)形成(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)力層層有(you)、風險人(ren)人(ren)擔的(de)良(liang)性互動激勵約束機制(zhi)(zhi)。

  四、強(qiang)化過程監督,發揮職(zhi)能作(zuo)用
  對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)運(yun)作過程的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li),主要有四(si)個方面:一是(shi)充分發揮項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部的(de)宏觀(guan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控職能,加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)前期、中期和(he)竣工(gong)驗交效(xiao)(xiao)益評(ping)估(gu),核(he)定(ding)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)指(zhi)標(biao),尤(you)其要核(he)定(ding)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經濟指(zhi)標(biao)的(de)落實情況,進(jin)行(xing)(xing)宏觀(guan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li);二是(shi)發揮審計(ji)部門(men)的(de)微觀(guan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控職能,加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)中間和(he)最終審計(ji),規范(fan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)行(xing)(xing)為,核(he)定(ding)經營成(cheng)果,進(jin)行(xing)(xing)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)微觀(guan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)控制(zhi);三(san)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)效(xiao)(xiao)能監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察,對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)運(yun)作進(jin)行(xing)(xing)日常性(xing)跟(gen)蹤(zong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),發現(xian)問題(ti)及時糾正(zheng),完善措施,堵(du)塞管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)漏洞;四(si)是(shi)充分發揮項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)督(du)(du)察對(dui)各(ge)(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)部門(men)的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)作用。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)督(du)(du)察組由董事長和(he)總(zong)會(hui)計(ji)師任組長,主要職責(ze)是(shi)對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)評(ping)估(gu)、審計(ji)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察等監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)部門(men)的(de)工(gong)作進(jin)行(xing)(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li),解決監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)工(gong)作和(he)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中出(chu)現(xian)的(de)共性(xing)與個性(xing)問題(ti),協調各(ge)(ge)方關(guan)系,規范(fan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)行(xing)(xing)為,進(jin)行(xing)(xing)績效(xiao)(xiao)考核(he),保持項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)始(shi)終處于(yu)有序、高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)、規范(fan)的(de)運(yun)作狀態。

  五、優化管理干(gan)部(bu)結(jie)構,提高項目整體素質
  項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)成(cheng)敗最終取(qu)決于人(ren)的(de)(de)因素。首先,要(yao)按(an)照(zhao)干(gan)部(bu)“四化(hua)”方針(zhen),建(jian)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支懂經營、精(jing)技(ji)術(shu)、善管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、經得起實(shi)踐考(kao)驗、能代(dai)表企業和職(zhi)工利益、具(ju)有強(qiang)烈責任(ren)感、事業心和敬業精(jing)神的(de)(de)高(gao)素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)干(gan)部(bu)隊伍。其次,要(yao)按(an)照(zhao)精(jing)干(gan)高(gao)效、一(yi)(yi)(yi)專多(duo)能的(de)(de)原則,大力選拔(ba)(ba)技(ji)術(shu)、業務精(jing)湛(zhan)的(de)(de)青年干(gan)部(bu)組建(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)支精(jing)干(gan)高(gao)效的(de)(de)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層,使他們在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)計劃、財務、技(ji)術(shu)、物資、設(she)備、安質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以及(ji)對外(wai)交往等具(ju)體工作實(shi)踐中,增(zeng)長(chang)才干(gan),提(ti)高(gao)個(ge)人(ren)素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),保持項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)層的(de)(de)精(jing)干(gan)高(gao)效。第三、要(yao)建(jian)立(li)健全考(kao)核考(kao)評的(de)(de)激勵約束機(ji)制。在項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)上任(ren)職(zhi)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)干(gan)部(bu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)結束后,要(yao)對其“德(de)、能、勤、績(ji)、廉”進行(xing)綜合考(kao)核考(kao)評,建(jian)立(li)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)干(gan)部(bu)業績(ji)檔案(an),對不勝(sheng)任(ren)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作的(de)(de)干(gan)部(bu),也要(yao)實(shi)事求是的(de)(de)提(ti)出意見和建(jian)議,為選拔(ba)(ba)任(ren)命干(gan)部(bu)提(ti)供重要(yao)依據,形成(cheng)“能者(zhe)上,庸者(zhe)讓”的(de)(de)良好競爭(zheng)氛(fen)圍,為提(ti)高(gao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水平提(ti)供組織保證。


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