一(yi)、前(qian)言
在20世紀(ji)90年(nian)代，由于全(quan)球制造的(de)(de)出現導致全(quan)球競爭日益加劇，并且用(yong)戶的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求呈現多樣(yang)化(hua)(hua)、變(bian)化(hua)(hua)頻繁的(de)(de)趨勢。原有的(de)(de)“縱向一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)”模(mo)式(shi)已不適(shi)合市場發(fa)展的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)，企(qi)業要(yao)想生存與發(fa)展，必(bi)須制定以盡可(ke)能(neng)快(kuai)的(de)(de)速度、盡可(ke)能(neng)低的(de)(de)成本、盡可(ke)能(neng)多的(de)(de)產品品種為(wei)特征的(de)(de)戰略(lve)，將主要(yao)精力用(yong)于其核(he)心競爭力，同時(shi)盡可(ke)能(neng)多的(de)(de)利用(yong)外(wai)部資源。供(gong)應鏈管理(li)作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種適(shi)合新形勢企(qi)業需(xu)(xu)(xu)求的(de)(de)管理(li)模(mo)式(shi)，在企(qi)業中得(de)到廣泛運用(yong)。
哈里(li)森將供應鏈(lian)定義為“是(shi)執(zhi)行采購原材料(liao)，將它們轉換為中間產品(pin)和產成(cheng)品(pin)，并且將成(cheng)品(pin)銷售到用戶的功能網鏈(lian)。”同(tong)時強調供應鏈(lian)的戰略伙伴關(guan)系問(wen)題，通過(guo)建立戰略伙伴關(guan)系，可以與重要的供應商和用戶更有效的開(kai)展工作。
二、基于供應(ying)鏈的采購管理(li)模型
采(cai)購管(guan)(guan)(guan)理是(shi)供應鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重要一(yi)環(huan)，是(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)供應鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)，因此(ci)受到國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)(wai)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)重視。國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)(wai)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)提出(chu)了很多基(ji)(ji)于供應鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)采(cai)購管(guan)(guan)(guan)理模(mo)型(xing)，但這些模(mo)型(xing)都普遍是(shi)以實(shi)(shi)力(li)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)企(qi)(qi)業為(wei)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)提出(chu)的(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業來說指導(dao)意(yi)義不大(da)(da)。本人通過對(dui)(dui)西礦(kuang)環(huan)保科技有(you)限(xian)公司(si)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)地考察，結合國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)(wai)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)研(yan)究成(cheng)果，提出(chu)一(yi)個適合中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)采(cai)購管(guan)(guan)(guan)理模(mo)型(xing)。圖1為(wei)基(ji)(ji)于供應鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)物資采(cai)購管(guan)(guan)(guan)理模(mo)型(xing)。
模(mo)型中，采(cai)購(gou)部門負(fu)責對整個采(cai)購(gou)過(guo)程進行(xing)組織(zhi)、控(kong)(kong)制、協調，它(ta)是企業與供應商(shang)聯系的(de)紐帶。生產和技術(shu)部門通(tong)(tong)過(guo)企業內部的(de)管理信息(xi)(xi)系統(tong)根據訂單編制生產計(ji)劃和物資需(xu)求計(ji)劃。供應商(shang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)信息(xi)(xi)交流，處理來(lai)自企業的(de)信息(xi)(xi)，預測(ce)企業需(xu)求以(yi)便備貨，當訂單到達時(shi)按時(shi)發貨，貨物質量由供應商(shang)自己(ji)控(kong)(kong)制。這個模(mo)型的(de)要點是以(yi)信息(xi)(xi)交流來(lai)實現(xian)降低庫存(cun)，以(yi)降低庫存(cun)來(lai)推動管理優化(hua)，暢通(tong)(tong)的(de)信息(xi)(xi)流是實現(xian)這個模(mo)型的(de)必(bi)要條件。
實現(xian)此(ci)(ci)模型(xing)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)暢通無(wu)阻的(de)(de)信息交流和(he)企業與供應(ying)商制訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)長期合作契約。訂(ding)(ding)單驅動是(shi)基于(yu)供應(ying)鏈(lian)下的(de)(de)采購管(guan)理的(de)(de)一個重要特(te)點(dian)，本模型(xing)也是(shi)如此(ci)(ci)，模型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)客戶(hu)訂(ding)(ding)單導(dao)致了(le)(le)整個采購活動的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)。下面(mian)將對信息交流和(he)契約的(de)(de)制訂(ding)(ding)進(jin)行詳細的(de)(de)論(lun)述。關于(yu)定單驅動，馬士華先生(sheng)的(de)(de)《供應(ying)鏈(lian)管(guan)理》中(zhong)(zhong)有詳細的(de)(de)介紹，本文就不再(zai)作論(lun)述了(le)(le)。
1、采購管理中(zhong)的信息交流
設計一(yi)個適(shi)合于企(qi)業(ye)的信(xin)息(xi)(xi)處理系統是實現暢(chang)通的信(xin)息(xi)(xi)交流(liu)的關(guan)鍵，一(yi)般(ban)將(jiang)此系統分成信(xin)息(xi)(xi)交流(liu)系統和對外(wai)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)傳(chuan)遞(di)系統。
（1）內部信息交流系統
關于信息處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)解決方案有(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)，但(dan)他們對(dui)采購(gou)(gou)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)關注卻(que)很(hen)(hen)少，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)甚至不支(zhi)持采購(gou)(gou)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)信息的(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)MRP或MRPⅡ以(yi)及現在流行(xing)的(de)(de)ERP系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)都不能很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)支(zhi)持基于供應(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，甚至缺乏(fa)專門(men)為采購(gou)(gou)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設置的(de)(de)數據庫。因(yin)為，他們只(zhi)考慮如何合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內部(bu)的(de)(de)資源(yuan)來(lai)(lai)提高效率，降低成本，而沒有(you)(you)考慮應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)資源(yuan)來(lai)(lai)創造價(jia)值。也有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些專用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)信息處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，但(dan)它(ta)們多(duo)是(shi)獨立于其它(ta)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)之外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個獨立系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，沒有(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)和企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)其它(ta)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)集成起來(lai)(lai)。下面將介紹(shao)一(yi)(yi)個集成與企(qi)業(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)信息系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)采購(gou)(gou)信息處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。圖(tu)2為這個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)示意圖(tu)。
采(cai)購(gou)(gou)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)處理(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)企業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的中央服務器(qi)連接。中央服務器(qi)為采(cai)購(gou)(gou)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)子系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)需(xu)求信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)庫(ku)存信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)（在(zai)實現零庫(ku)存后(hou)此(ci)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)不被(bei)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)）。采(cai)購(gou)(gou)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)子系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)將(jiang)(jiang)對(dui)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)進(jin)行匯(hui)總(zong)、加工、分析、處理(li)(li)，根據(ju)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)數據(ju)庫(ku)和(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)數據(ju)庫(ku)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)（“聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)”是一種供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)與(yu)企業(ye)協商(shang)制訂(ding)的信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)交流標準）。聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)中包(bao)(bao)含有物(wu)(wu)資(zi)需(xu)求情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)、參考(kao)價(jia)格(ge)、供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)貨(huo)要求等(deng)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)將(jiang)(jiang)處理(li)(li)此(ci)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)，并回(hui)復一個聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)。回(hui)復聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)中包(bao)(bao)含預備供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)貨(huo)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)貨(huo)價(jia)格(ge)等(deng)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。回(hui)復聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)中內(nei)容被(bei)確認后(hou)，將(jiang)(jiang)傳送到(dao)中央服務器(qi)在(zai)轉送到(dao)各相(xiang)(xiang)關部門(men)，再由相(xiang)(xiang)關部門(men)提出(chu)意(yi)(yi)見。意(yi)(yi)見被(bei)匯(hui)總(zong)到(dao)中央服務器(qi)，傳送至采(cai)購(gou)(gou)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)處理(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)單(dan)(dan)發(fa)給(gei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)。如(ru)此(ci)往復，直至采(cai)購(gou)(gou)過(guo)程完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)為止。當(dang)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)將(jiang)(jiang)把采(cai)購(gou)(gou)過(guo)程中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的有關信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)匯(hui)總(zong)儲存于(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)數據(ju)庫(ku)中，同時(shi)根據(ju)交易物(wu)(wu)資(zi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)更新(xin)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)數據(ju)庫(ku)。
（2）對外信(xin)息(xi)傳遞(di)系(xi)統
信息(xi)技術的(de)(de)發展(zhan)為(wei)企業(ye)(ye)與外界的(de)(de)信息(xi)交流(liu)提供了很多平臺Internet和傳真已被廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)到商(shang)業(ye)(ye)信息(xi)傳遞(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)。也產生了不(bu)(bu)少(shao)模式，EDI是(shi)(shi)一種應(ying)用(yong)較為(wei)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)模式。EDI是(shi)(shi)一種電子(zi)數據交換規范，聯(lian)系雙方(fang)使(shi)用(yong)同一種規范進行數據編(bian)輯和傳遞(di)(di)(di)，利用(yong)企業(ye)(ye)之間(jian)的(de)(de)計算機網(wang)絡（Internet或(huo)VANs）來(lai)傳遞(di)(di)(di)信息(xi)。它的(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)(shi)傳遞(di)(di)(di)信息(xi)快，種類多，保密(mi)性好。但(dan)其費用(yong)昂(ang)貴，不(bu)(bu)適(shi)合(he)中(zhong)小型(xing)企業(ye)(ye)使(shi)用(yong)。所(suo)以(yi)，我提倡使(shi)用(yong)E-mail來(lai)與供應(ying)商(shang)傳遞(di)(di)(di)信息(xi)。因為(wei)從效果(guo)來(lai)看,這種途(tu)徑(jing)可以(yi)滿足信息(xi)傳遞(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)需要(yao)，而(er)價(jia)格要(yao)比EDI低很多。應(ying)注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，為(wei)防(fang)止商(shang)業(ye)(ye)秘(mi)密(mi)外泄(xie)，郵件在(zai)傳遞(di)(di)(di)過程中(zhong)有必(bi)要(yao)加密(mi)。
為(wei)供應(ying)(ying)商(shang)提供信息(xi)技術(shu)的(de)(de)支持(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)必要的(de)(de)，因為(wei)信息(xi)平臺的(de)(de)使用是(shi)(shi)要雙方同時進行才可實現的(de)(de)，而(er)且平臺的(de)(de)兼容性(xing)是(shi)(shi)不得(de)不考慮的(de)(de)內容。因此，要為(wei)供應(ying)(ying)商(shang)提供良好的(de)(de)信息(xi)技術(shu)支持(chi)(chi)，并(bing)保持(chi)(chi)在此領域(yu)的(de)(de)交流。以求整個系統的(de)(de)穩定(ding)。
2、供應(ying)鏈中核心企業的建立
供(gong)應(ying)鏈中的(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業是供(gong)應(ying)鏈得以維持的(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)力量，它是供(gong)應(ying)鏈中各種“游(you)戲(xi)”規則的(de)(de)制(zhi)定者和執行者。因(yin)此供(gong)應(ying)鏈的(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業是此供(gong)應(ying)鏈的(de)(de)“領(ling)航員”，是領(ling)導者。多數情(qing)況下最(zui)終產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制造商(shang)一(yi)般都會成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，但(dan)也有(you)例外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。當(dang)最(zui)終產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制造商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)力比較小(xiao)(xiao)，不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)對供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)約(yue)束，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)會成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導(dao)者(zhe)。當(dang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)受政府保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)時，往往由(you)于(yu)(yu)政策導(dao)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)也會在供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)量中(zhong)(zhong)處于(yu)(yu)領(ling)導(dao)地位。這(zhe)兩(liang)種(zhong)情(qing)況在現(xian)實(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)普(pu)遍(bian)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，特別是(shi)前一(yi)種(zhong)情(qing)況，常(chang)常(chang)出現(xian)與新生行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)。新生行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)普(pu)遍(bian)實(shi)力較小(xiao)(xiao)，但(dan)卻要依靠一(yi)些(xie)已經成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來提供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原材料，而那些(xie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)度已處于(yu)(yu)寡頭壟斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)力強(qiang)，市場(chang)份額(e)分配較為(wei)(wei)(wei)穩定，一(yi)兩(liang)家小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以(yi)影(ying)響市場(chang)格局。因此成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“大”企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)往往會要求其他(ta)“小(xiao)(xiao)”企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)遵守它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)則行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)事，因此這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況下，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈會被供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)所(suo)控(kong)制，采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)動(dong)權也掌握在供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手中(zhong)(zhong)。這(zhe)也是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)什(shen)么大型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在建立基于(yu)(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)管理(li)是(shi)容易取(qu)得成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原因。所(suo)以(yi)要建立基于(yu)(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)管理(li)必須考慮自(zi)己企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)所(suo)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)現(xian)實(shi)情(qing)況。但(dan)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)說中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)建立供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導(dao)者(zhe)。在下一(yi)篇文(wen)章中(zhong)(zhong)本人(ren)將介紹一(yi)種(zhong)使小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈領(ling)導(dao)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)方式(shi)—聯合采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)，本文(wen)就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)對這(zhe)個問題進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)詳細討(tao)論(lun)了。
3、與供應商的長期(qi)契約的制訂
傳(chuan)統采(cai)購(gou)管理的過(guo)(guo)程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是以(yi)企業監督，以(yi)合同為(wei)考核標準來進行控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的。這種控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程需要(yao)在(zai)每次(ci)采(cai)購(gou)之前簽訂(ding)一(yi)個購(gou)銷合同，此(ci)合同必須(xu)盡量考慮到過(guo)(guo)程中會發生的任何情(qing)況(kuang)，這是很難做到的。
基于供應鏈的(de)(de)(de)采購管理中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程控制是(shi)(shi)基于長(chang)期(qi)契約來(lai)進行的(de)(de)(de)。這種長(chang)期(qi)契約與(yu)傳統合(he)同所起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)那(nei)種約束功能不同，它是(shi)(shi)維持供應鏈的(de)(de)(de)一條“紐帶”，是(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)與(yu)供應商(shang)合(he)作的(de)(de)(de)基礎。它提(ti)供一個行為規范，這個規范不但(dan)供應商(shang)應該遵守，企(qi)業(ye)自(zi)己也(ye)必須遵守。它應該包含一下內(nei)容(rong)：
（1）損(sun)害(hai)雙方合作的行(xing)為(wei)的判定標準，以及此(ci)行(xing)為(wei)要受到的懲罰。企業(ye)與供應商的長(chang)期合作是(shi)實現基于供應鏈的采購管理的基礎。任何有(you)損(sun)于合作的行(xing)為(wei)都是(shi)有(you)害(hai)的，不(bu)管此(ci)行(xing)為(wei)是(shi)供應商引起(qi)的還是(shi)企業(ye)自(zi)己(ji)引起(qi)的。因此(ci)對這種行(xing)為(wei)的判定和懲罰是(shi)契約(yue)的必要組(zu)成部(bu)分。
（2）激(ji)(ji)勵(li)條(tiao)款(kuan)。對(dui)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)的激(ji)(ji)勵(li)是能否使供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)參與此(ci)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)的一個重要條(tiao)件。為供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)只(zhi)有參與此(ci)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)才能得(de)到(dao)的利益是激(ji)(ji)勵(li)條(tiao)款(kuan)必須(xu)表現的。此(ci)外激(ji)(ji)勵(li)條(tiao)款(kuan)應(ying)包含激(ji)(ji)勵(li)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)提(ti)高(gao)包括質量(liang)控制(zhi)水(shui)(shui)平、供(gong)(gong)貨(huo)準時水(shui)(shui)平和(he)供(gong)(gong)貨(huo)成本水(shui)(shui)平等業務水(shui)(shui)平的內容，因(yin)為供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)業務水(shui)(shui)平的提(ti)高(gao)意味(wei)著采(cai)購過程更加穩定可(ke)靠，而且費用(yong)也隨(sui)之降低(di)。
（3）于(yu)(yu)質(zhi)量控制的(de)(de)相關(guan)條(tiao)款。在基于(yu)(yu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)采購管理中，質(zhi)量控制主要是(shi)(shi)由供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)進行(xing)的(de)(de)，企(qi)業只在必(bi)要時(shi)對(dui)(dui)質(zhi)量進行(xing)抽查(cha)。因此，關(guan)于(yu)(yu)質(zhi)量控制的(de)(de)條(tiao)款應(ying)(ying)(ying)明確質(zhi)量職責，還應(ying)(ying)(ying)激勵(li)(li)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提高(gao)其質(zhi)量控制水平(ping)。對(dui)(dui)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)實(shi)行(xing)免(mian)檢，是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)量控制水平(ping)的(de)(de)最高(gao)評價。契約中應(ying)(ying)(ying)指出實(shi)行(xing)免(mian)檢的(de)(de)標(biao)準，和(he)對(dui)(dui)免(mian)檢供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)額外獎(jiang)勵(li)(li)，以激勵(li)(li)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提高(gao)其質(zhi)量控制水平(ping)。
（4）對(dui)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)交流(liu)的規(gui)(gui)定。供應鏈企業之(zhi)間任何有意隱(yin)瞞信(xin)(xin)息(xi)的行(xing)(xing)為都是有害(hai)的，充分的信(xin)(xin)息(xi)交流(liu)是基(ji)于供應鏈的采購管理良好運作(zuo)的保(bao)證。因此(ci)，契(qi)約應對(dui)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)交流(liu)提出保(bao)障措施，例如規(gui)(gui)定雙方互派通信(xin)(xin)員(yuan)和規(gui)(gui)定每月舉行(xing)(xing)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)交流(liu)會議等。防止信(xin)(xin)息(xi)交流(liu)出現問題。
此外還應該強調的(de)(de)是(shi)，契(qi)約應是(shi)合作雙方(fang)(fang)共同制(zhi)定的(de)(de)，雙方(fang)(fang)在制(zhi)定契(qi)約時處于相互平等的(de)(de)地位。契(qi)約在實行一段(duan)時間后應考慮進行修(xiu)(xiu)改，因為實際環境會(hui)不(bu)斷變化，而且契(qi)約在制(zhi)定初期也會(hui)有(you)不(bu)合適(shi)的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)，一定的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)改和增減是(shi)必(bi)要。
三、總結
這個基于(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈的(de)采購管理模型利用現代信息(xi)技術的(de)成(cheng)果解決了(le)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈中核心企(qi)業與供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)之間的(de)聯系問題。通過契約的(de)約束企(qi)業和供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)之間的(de)合(he)作也(ye)有(you)了(le)保障。此模型適(shi)合(he)于(yu)大多數(shu)企(qi)業，但(dan)要(yao)指出的(de)是(shi)企(qi)業在(zai)實(shi)施(shi)這種采購管理模式時要(yao)根據自(zi)身的(de)情況靈(ling)活實(shi)施(shi)。
轉載：//citymember.cn/zixun_detail/1118.html
