合同風險
企業(ye)(ye)存在的(de)(de)經營風(feng)險(xian)(xian)包括來自企業(ye)(ye)外(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)環(huan)境風(feng)險(xian)(xian)和(he)來自企業(ye)(ye)內部(bu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)流程風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。而具體在簽訂和(he)履行合(he)同(tong)(tong)時,除經濟業(ye)(ye)務本身的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)外(wai),會(hui)面(mian)臨諸(zhu)如違法、違規(gui)招致處(chu)罰(fa)的(de)(de)制度風(feng)險(xian)(xian)、合(he)同(tong)(tong)一方違約(yue)導(dao)致的(de)(de)信(xin)用風(feng)險(xian)(xian)以(yi)及合(he)同(tong)(tong)內容(rong)約(yue)定(ding)不明或(huo)失誤導(dao)致糾紛和(he)損失的(de)(de)條款風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。正(zheng)確簽訂合(he)同(tong)(tong),往往能規(gui)避和(he)化解上(shang)述(shu)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)
企(qi)業(ye)在合同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)前對市場的調查等活動是經濟行(xing)為,目的是規避經濟風險,實現企(qi)業(ye)目的。選(xuan)擇經濟事項后,企(qi)業(ye)就(jiu)進入合同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)階段,這(zhe)時應(ying)注意合同(tong)(tong)當事人的資質(在后面的合同(tong)(tong)條款中討論)和合同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)形式的確(que)定(ding)。企(qi)業(ye)應(ying)根(gen)據實際情況選(xuan)擇合同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)的形式。
1、合同風險之口頭形式:指(zhi)當事人只以(yi)(yi)口頭意(yi)思(si)表示達成協議的(de)合同(tong)。口頭合同(tong)簡便(bian)易行,僅適用于能及時結(jie)清的(de)簡單的(de)經濟業務。一(yi)旦發(fa)生糾紛難以(yi)(yi)取證(zheng),不易分清責任。
2、合同風險之書面形式: 書面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)是(shi)指(zhi)合(he)(he)同書、信件或數(shu)(shu)據電(dian)文(包括電(dian)報、電(dian)傳(chuan)、傳(chuan)真、電(dian)子數(shu)(shu)據交(jiao)換和電(dian)子郵件)等記(ji)載內容的(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。雙方協商(shang)同意的(de)修改,也(ye)是(shi)合(he)(he)同的(de)組(zu)成部(bu)分。法(fa)律、法(fa)規規定采(cai)用書面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de),或當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)約(yue)定采(cai)用書面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de),應當(dang)采(cai)用書面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。書面(mian)(mian)合(he)(he)同在發生糾(jiu)紛時舉證(zheng)方便,容易分清責任,是(shi)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)最為普遍采(cai)用的(de)一種合(he)(he)同約(yue)定形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。
3、合同風險之 公證形式: 公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)形式(shi)是依當事人(ren)約定(ding)(ding)或法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)(ding),以(yi)(yi)(yi)國家公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關對(dui)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容加以(yi)(yi)(yi)審查公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi),訂立(li)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關一般(ban)均以(yi)(yi)(yi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)面形式(shi)為(wei)基礎,對(dui)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實性和(he)合(he)法(fa)性進(jin)行審查確認后,在合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)上加蓋公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)印鑒,以(yi)(yi)(yi)資證(zheng)(zheng)明。一旦(dan)發生糾紛,經(jing)過公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)具有(you)最(zui)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)據力,當事人(ren)除有(you)相反(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)據外(wai),不能(neng)推翻。我國法(fa)律對(dui)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)采取自愿(yuan)原則(ze)。當事人(ren)要求(qiu)必(bi)須(xu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)就(jiu)須(xu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng),不經(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)不生效(xiao)(xiao)。對(dui)一些重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)種類(lei),法(fa)律也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)。當事人(ren)和(he)法(fa)律都可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)賦(fu)予(yu)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)形式(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)證(zheng)(zheng)據效(xiao)(xiao)力或者成立(li)生效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)力。
4、合同風險之 鑒證形式:是依(yi)當(dang)事人(ren)約定或法律規定,以(yi)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)理機(ji)關對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)內(nei)容的(de)(de)真實性和合(he)(he)法性進(jin)行(xing)審(shen)查的(de)(de)方式訂立合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)一種合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)形式。鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)是國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)進(jin)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)理和監督的(de)(de)行(xing)政措施,只能由國(guo)(guo)家(jia)行(xing)政主管(guan)(guan)機(ji)關進(jin)行(xing)。鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用在于加強合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)明,提高合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性。鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)也采取自愿原則。除國(guo)(guo)家(jia)規定必須鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)外(wai),鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)關根(gen)據(ju)當(dang)事人(ren)的(de)(de)申(shen)請進(jin)行(xing)鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)。對于地方性法規規定必須予(yu)以(yi)鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong),在作(zuo)出鑒(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)規定的(de)(de)行(xing)政區域內(nei)簽訂時應從其規定。
5、合同風險之批準形式:批(pi)準(zhun)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是指法(fa)律(lv)(lv)規定(ding)某(mou)些(xie)類(lei)別的(de)(de)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)須采(cai)取(qu)經(jing)國家有(you)(you)關(guan)主(zhu)管(guan)機關(guan)審(shen)查批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。這類(lei)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),除應由當事人達成意思表示一(yi)致(zhi)而(er)(er)成立外(wai),還應將(jiang)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)及有(you)(you)關(guan)文件(jian)提交(jiao)國家有(you)(you)關(guan)主(zhu)管(guan)機關(guan)審(shen)查批(pi)準(zhun)才能生效(xiao)。合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)批(pi)準(zhun)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是國家對某(mou)些(xie)特殊類(lei)別合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特殊要求。法(fa)律(lv)(lv)不(bu)要求合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)批(pi)準(zhun)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de),當事人不(bu)能約定(ding)或要求國家進(jin)行批(pi)準(zhun)。須經(jing)批(pi)準(zhun)而(er)(er)未經(jing)批(pi)準(zhun)的(de)(de)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),自(zi)始就無法(fa)律(lv)(lv)效(xiao)力(li)。
6、合同風險之 登記形式:登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式是指當(dang)事人(ren)約(yue)定(ding)或依(yi)照法律(lv)規(gui)定(ding),采(cai)(cai)取將合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)提交國(guo)家登(deng)記(ji)主管機關登(deng)記(ji)的方式訂立(li)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的一種合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式。登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式一般常用于不(bu)動產(chan)的買賣合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。某些特殊的動產(chan),如船舶等,在法律(lv)上視為不(bu)動產(chan),其轉讓也采(cai)(cai)取登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式。合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的登(deng)記(ji)形(xing)(xing)式可由當(dang)事人(ren)自(zi)行(xing)約(yue)定(ding),也可以由法律(lv)加以規(gui)定(ding)。
7、合同風險之合(he)同(tong)確認書:合(he)同(tong)(tong)確(que)認書(shu)即(ji)當(dang)事人(ren)采用信(xin)件、數據電文等(deng)形(xing)式(shi)訂立合(he)同(tong)(tong),一方當(dang)事人(ren)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在合(he)同(tong)(tong)成立之前要(yao)求以(yi)(yi)書(shu)面形(xing)式(shi)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)確(que)認的合(he)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)式(shi)。
在(zai)簽訂合(he)(he)同(tong)時要(yao)充分(fen)研究合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)。合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)包(bao)括交(jiao)易性(xing)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)和救濟性(xing)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)。合(he)(he)同(tong)交(jiao)易性(xing)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)規定(ding)了合(he)(he)同(tong)當(dang)事(shi)人和具體事(shi)項(xiang)(xiang),是(shi)完成經濟活動必需具備的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)。《合(he)(he)同(tong)法》第十(shi)二條(tiao)(tiao),合(he)(he)同(tong)一般應具備的(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)前(qian)六項(xiang)(xiang)內容,就是(shi)交(jiao)易性(xing)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)。
一(yi)(yi)(yi)、 合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang):首先,合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)必須(xu)具有合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)主體資(zi)格(ge)(ge)。雖然(ran)現行《合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法》對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)并(bing)(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有特別(bie)限制(已經(jing)(jing)包括(kuo)了自然(ran)人(ren)),但并(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)是(shi)說沒(mei)有合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面涉及到專(zhuan)營(ying)(ying)、專(zhuan)控的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)業務必須(xu)由(you)專(zhuan)業公(gong)司經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)或(huo)(huo)(huo)經(jing)(jing)特別(bie)批準后經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying),另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)工作要(yao)求必須(xu)具有相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司或(huo)(huo)(huo)人(ren)員才能(neng)完成。合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)質、履(lv)約能(neng)力能(neng)否適合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容(rong),符合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制性或(huo)(huo)(huo)指導性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范,是(shi)審(shen)查合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)否有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個重要(yao)標準。主體不(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)無效合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。因此存在(zai)巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險。其(qi)次,合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)如果是(shi)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法定代(dai)表(biao)人(ren)或(huo)(huo)(huo)其(qi)他(ta)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)授權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)辦人(ren)或(huo)(huo)(huo)代(dai)理人(ren)代(dai)為(wei)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),在(zai)審(shen)查合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主體是(shi)否合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi),還應(ying)(ying)(ying)注意審(shen)查合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)是(shi)否取(qu)得委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming),并(bing)(bing)(bing)根據授權(quan)(quan)范圍以(yi)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名義簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)。在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)本單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)業務人(ren)員或(huo)(huo)(huo)聘請外單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)員簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)但未給予(yu)正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、完備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授權(quan)(quan)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)書的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)理資(zi)格(ge)(ge)和代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)限,應(ying)(ying)(ying)作具體分析:1)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)用(yong)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)加蓋公(gong)章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空白合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)書,或(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)用(yong)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)用(yong)章簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),應(ying)(ying)(ying)視(shi)為(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)授予(yu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)所(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)確認為(wei)有效。2)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)持(chi)有委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)出(chu)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訂(ding)(ding)立(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)(huo)(huo)者(zhe)聯系業務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介紹信簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),視(shi)為(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)授予(yu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)所(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)確認為(wei)有效。3)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)未持(chi)有委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任何委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)文(wen)件(jian)所(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),如果委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)未予(yu)蓋章,這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)所(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)無效。但是(shi)如果委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)已經(jing)(jing)開始履(lv)行,應(ying)(ying)(ying)視(shi)為(wei)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托(tuo)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)對合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)理權(quan)(quan)已經(jing)(jing)予(yu)以(yi)追認,因此,所(suo)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有效。
二、 標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de):標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)違法(fa)是(shi)指合同(tong)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)物(wu)為(wei)國家法(fa)律、行政法(fa)規(gui)所禁止流通,或(huo)限制流通的(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)賣、專(zhuan)(zhuan)控物(wu)質不是(shi)由專(zhuan)(zhuan)業公司或(huo)經專(zhuan)(zhuan)門部門批準后經營。比如毒(du)品是(shi)禁止流通的(de)(de);再比如煙草(cao)制品必(bi)須由煙草(cao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)賣企業經營。違反(fan)這(zhe)一規(gui)定,不僅所簽訂的(de)(de)合同(tong)無(wu)效,還要依法(fa)追究(jiu)有關(guan)人員的(de)(de)法(fa)律責任(ren)。涉及知(zhi)識(shi)產權的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)物(wu),應(ying)注(zhu)意(yi)符合國家有關(guan)規(gui)定。合同(tong)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)違法(fa),必(bi)然導致整個合同(tong)無(wu)效。這(zhe)顯然非常重要。
三、 數量(liang),質量(liang),價(jia)款(kuan)或(huo)(huo)報酬,履(lv)行(xing)期限、地(di)點和方(fang)式:合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這四項交(jiao)易(yi)性條款(kuan)非常重要(yao)。除了要(yao)符(fu)合(he)經濟性,保證實現企(qi)業(ye)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外。還要(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)其內(nei)容是否有(you)違法及風險所(suo)在。如質量(liang)標準(zhun)要(yao)遵守國家有(you)關產品質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法規(gui)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。如果有(you)國家規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指令性或(huo)(huo)指導性價(jia)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),價(jia)格條款(kuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)予(yu)(yu)遵守。對于買賣(mai)合(he)同(tong),合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)履(lv)行(xing)期限、地(di)點和方(fang)式,應(ying)(ying)(ying)特別(bie)加予(yu)(yu)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)。合(he)同(tong)法規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)權自交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)時起(qi)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi),法律另有(you)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)或(huo)(huo)當事(shi)人(ren)另有(you)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除外。所(suo)謂(wei)法律另有(you)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除外,是指不(bu)動產所(suo)有(you)權自登(deng)記(ji)之(zhi)日起(qi)轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi),部分動產如船舶和民用(yong)航(hang)空(kong)器所(suo)有(you)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取得、轉(zhuan)讓和消滅(mie)也應(ying)(ying)(ying)進行(xing)登(deng)記(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在所(suo)有(you)權保留的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)買賣(mai)合(he)同(tong)中,標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)有(you)權自買受(shou)人(ren)交(jiao)清(qing)最后一筆款(kuan)項時轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)給買受(shou)人(ren)。雖(sui)然之(zhi)前出賣(mai)人(ren)早已將(jiang)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)給買受(shou)人(ren)。標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險并不(bu)是隨所(suo)有(you)權轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi)而轉(zhuan)移(yi)(yi),而是按照(zhao)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)之(zhi)前由出賣(mai)人(ren)承擔(dan),交(jiao)付(fu)(fu)之(zhi)后由買受(shou)人(ren)承擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制原則(ze)承擔(dan)。 此(ci)外注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi),貨款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結算方(fang)式必需符(fu)合(he)財務制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。
掌握好合同(tong)交易性條(tiao)款(kuan)中的相關法(fa)律規(gui)定,對(dui)于(yu)避免違法(fa)違規(gui)帶(dai)來的制度風險(xian)很(hen)重要。而合同(tong)的救濟(ji)性條(tiao)款(kuan)是為了保證(zheng)合同(tong)的交易安全,主要針對(dui)合同(tong)違約的信用風險(xian)的條(tiao)款(kuan)。《合同(tong)法(fa)》第(di)十二條(tiao),合同(tong)一般(ban)應(ying)有的條(tiao)款(kuan)后兩項(xiang),就是救濟(ji)性條(tiao)款(kuan)。
1、 違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren):違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)(shi)指合(he)同(tong)(tong)當(dang)事人因(yin)違(wei)(wei)反合(he)同(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務(wu)而(er)應(ying)承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律后果(guo)。違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)制度(du)在(zai)(zai)合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)中居于十分重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)。英美法(fa)(fa)系國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)站在(zai)(zai)“保護”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du),將這(zhe)種(zhong)制度(du)稱為(wei)“違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)救濟”。我國(guo)現行合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)實(shi)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)無過錯(cuo)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)責(ze)(ze)原則(ze)(ze),也就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)說只要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)事實(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)應(ying)承(cheng)擔違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)償,《合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第113條(tiao)采用(yong)了合(he)理(li)預(yu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)規則(ze)(ze)。在(zai)(zai)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)形(xing)式中,最常(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)損(sun)(sun)害賠(pei)償。實(shi)踐(jian)中如何確(que)(que)定損(sun)(sun)失數額,尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)(shi)如何界定間(jian)接損(sun)(sun)失,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個很(hen)復(fu)雜也很(hen)有趣(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。按照一般(ban)邏輯推理(li),在(zai)(zai)兩個事物之間(jian)找因(yin)果(guo)關系,并不困難。但(dan)只要(yao)有因(yin)果(guo)關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)失,違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)方(fang)(fang)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)應(ying)當(dang)賠(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,實(shi)踐(jian)中就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)可能發生損(sun)(sun)失無限(xian)擴(kuo)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。為(wei)此,創立了“合(he)理(li)預(yu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)規則(ze)(ze)”,即(ji)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)方(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)訂約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)時已(yi)經或應(ying)當(dang)預(yu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)將會發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)失,才是(shi)(shi)(shi)他應(ying)當(dang)賠(pei)償的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)失。《合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第119條(tiao)還規定了防止(zhi)損(sun)(sun)失擴(kuo)大規則(ze)(ze)。對于合(he)同(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)(fang)自行約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)金,合(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)也確(que)(que)立了適當(dang)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)(ze)。這(zhe)些規定都有利于限(xian)制違(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)風險的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無限(xian)擴(kuo)大。
2、 解(jie)(jie)決(jue)爭(zheng)議的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa):《合(he)同(tong)法(fa)》規定(ding),當事人可(ke)以通過(guo)和(he)解(jie)(jie)、調解(jie)(jie)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)合(he)同(tong)爭(zheng)議,及根據仲(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)協議或(huo)條款向仲(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)機構申請仲(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)。沒有(you)訂立仲(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)協議或(huo)者(zhe)仲(zhong)裁(cai)(cai)協議無效(xiao)的(de)(de),可(ke)以向人民法(fa)院起訴(su)。企業應根據法(fa)律規定(ding)選(xuan)擇既(ji)有(you)利于解(jie)(jie)決(jue)爭(zheng)議又能保護(hu)自身利益(yi)的(de)(de)爭(zheng)議解(jie)(jie)決(jue)方(fang)法(fa)。并(bing)應特別注意訴(su)訟的(de)(de)時效(xiao)及中止(zhi)和(he)中斷的(de)(de)規定(ding)。
除(chu)(chu)上述兩個原(yuan)則性(xing)(xing)(xing)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan),還應(ying)注(zhu)意具(ju)體(ti)的(de)救濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)救濟除(chu)(chu)了要(yao)求(qiu)全面(mian)履(lv)(lv)行和(he)(he)賠償(chang)損害外,還包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo):1)定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin):定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)特征包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)①從屬性(xing)(xing)(xing),即合(he)(he)同(tong)無(wu)效,定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)亦無(wu)效。②實踐性(xing)(xing)(xing),以(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)交(jiao)付為成立(li)要(yao)件(jian)。③要(yao)式(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing),應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)書(shu)面(mian)形式(shi)(shi)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。④限定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing),具(ju)體(ti)數額(e)由當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding),但(dan)不(bu)能(neng)超過(guo)主合(he)(he)同(tong)標的(de)額(e)的(de)20%。定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)廣泛應(ying)用于多種合(he)(he)同(tong)。2)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin):違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)如果太高,訴訟(song)時法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)范圍(wei)適當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)與定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)只能(neng)選(xuan)擇適用。另(ling)外,合(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)還常有(you)(you)其他(ta)類似(si)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan):3)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)物:為了保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)履(lv)(lv)行,擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)還規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了對于合(he)(he)同(tong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)設立(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)物的(de)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)。4)預付款(kuan)(kuan)和(he)(he)訂金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等(deng):和(he)(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)同(tong),訂金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)是一(yi)個規(gui)(gui)范的(de)概念,是預付款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)一(yi)部分,是當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)一(yi)種支付手段,不(bu)具(ju)有(you)(you)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)。最(zui)高人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)的(de)解釋規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)交(jiao)付留置金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、訂約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、押金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)或(huo)者訂金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等(deng),但(dan)沒有(you)(you)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)的(de),當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)主張定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)權(quan)利的(de),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)不(bu)予(yu)支持(chi)”。定(ding)(ding)(ding)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)則是保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)履(lv)(lv)行的(de)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)之(zhi)一(yi)。5)合(he)(he)同(tong)中(zhong)標的(de)物的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan):實質(zhi)也是為了保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)交(jiao)易(yi)安全,減(jian)少合(he)(he)同(tong)風險的(de)措(cuo)施之(zhi)一(yi)。6)履(lv)(lv)約(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等(deng):按(an)照私權(quan)自治(zhi)原(yuan)則當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)履(lv)(lv)約(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、信(xin)用金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)等(deng),也具(ju)有(you)(you)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)全面(mian)履(lv)(lv)行的(de)作(zuo)用。根據(ju)情(qing)況有(you)(you)些就是違(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)約(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),有(you)(you)些不(bu)符(fu)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),在訴訟(song)中(zhong)將(jiang)得不(bu)到法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)的(de)支持(chi)。7)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)抗力條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan):不(bu)可(ke)(ke)抗力條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)也是保(bao)(bao)(bao)護合(he)(he)同(tong)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)救濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)。
只要合同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)條款(kuan)完善,出現數量(liang),質(zhi)量(liang),價款(kuan)等爭(zheng)議時,雙方(fang)比(bi)較容(rong)易(yi)通過和(he)解(jie)(jie)、調解(jie)(jie)解(jie)(jie)決。即使(shi)仲裁或訴訟,也可以按照合同(tong)(tong)(tong)條款(kuan)確定(ding)是否違(wei)約和(he)那方(fang)違(wei)約,并合理確定(ding)如何補救(jiu)和(he)賠償(chang)。但是有時即使(shi)違(wei)約也不負補救(jiu)和(he)賠償(chang)責任,象(xiang)前面提到的(de)不可抗力的(de)情形(xing)。在合同(tong)(tong)(tong)履行時,合同(tong)(tong)(tong)法還(huan)規定(ding)了兩個(ge)情形(xing),應充(chong)分注意。
1、合同風險之預期違約:在(zai)合(he)同(tong)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)期(qi)(qi)限(xian)屆(jie)滿(man)之(zhi)前,當事(shi)人一(yi)(yi)方(fang)明(ming)確表(biao)(biao)示(shi)或者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為表(biao)(biao)明(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)主要債務,就構成(cheng)了(le)(le)預(yu)期(qi)(qi)違(wei)約(yue)。預(yu)期(qi)(qi)違(wei)約(yue)構成(cheng)后(hou)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)救濟,《合(he)同(tong)法》規定(ding)(ding)了(le)(le):1)“……,另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)當事(shi)人可以(yi)(yi)解除(chu)(chu)合(he)同(tong)”。2)“……,對方(fang)可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)期(qi)(qi)限(xian)屆(jie)滿(man)之(zhi)前要求其承(cheng)擔(dan)違(wei)約(yue)責(ze)任(ren)”。除(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)對另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu),其實(shi)對于提(ti)出(chu)方(fang),也是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)保護(hu)。《合(he)同(tong)法》規定(ding)(ding)“當事(shi)人一(yi)(yi)方(fang)違(wei)約(yue)后(hou),對方(fang)應當采取(qu)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)防止(zhi)損(sun)失的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴大;沒(mei)有采取(qu)適當措施(shi)致(zhi)使(shi)損(sun)失擴大的(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)(bu)(bu)得就擴大的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失要求賠償。”企業(ye)在(zai)確定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能履(lv)(lv)行(xing)合(he)同(tong)或履(lv)(lv)行(xing)合(he)同(tong)非常(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)利時(shi),及(ji)時(shi)表(biao)(biao)明(ming)自己將不(bu)(bu)(bu)履(lv)(lv)行(xing),利用該減輕(qing)損(sun)害規則,可以(yi)(yi)減輕(qing)損(sun)失。注意預(yu)期(qi)(qi)違(wei)約(yue)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)可抗力導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能履(lv)(lv)行(xing)合(he)約(yue)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),后(hou)者(zhe)可以(yi)(yi)免除(chu)(chu)違(wei)約(yue)責(ze)任(ren)。另(ling)外(wai),注意基于不(bu)(bu)(bu)安抗辯的(de)(de)(de)(de)中止(zhi)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)。
2、合同風險之不安抗辯權:《合同法》規定,先(xian)履行(xing)(xing)(xing)債務(wu)的(de)當事(shi)人,有(you)確切證(zheng)據證(zheng)明對方(fang)有(you)喪(sang)失或(huo)者可能(neng)喪(sang)失履行(xing)(xing)(xing)債務(wu)能(neng)力的(de)情形時,可以中(zhong)(zhong)止履行(xing)(xing)(xing)。當然應當通知(zhi)對方(fang),并在對方(fang)提供(gong)擔保后恢復履行(xing)(xing)(xing)。不(bu)安抗辯權可以保護那些對方(fang)喪(sang)失履約能(neng)力的(de)當事(shi)人。但是,“ 當事(shi)人沒有(you)確切證(zheng)據中(zhong)(zhong)止履行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de),應當承(cheng)擔違(wei)約責任。”因而要謹(jin)慎注意信息(xi)的(de)可靠性。
當然合同的履行(xing)方面(mian),還存在延(yan)遲履約和不(bu)完全履約等很多可(ke)以探討(tao)的方面(mian)。
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