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如何控制項目投資

 
講師:陳宇峰 瀏覽次數:2360
 如何控制項目投資是由陳宇峰老師主講的,隨著石油在高速增長中所越來越重要,石油的項目投資規模也不斷增加,在項目建設過程中,如何控制投資才能達到總投資不超概算的投資目標,這個非常的重要。人們認為主要是在建設項目實施階段,忽視建設過程中的各個環節的造價管理,錯誤的認為工程施工階段需要大量的人力、物力、財力的投入,控制施工的費用支出也就控制了工程造價。

一(yi)、概述 

  近幾(ji)年來,隨著石油(you)在(zai)高速增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)經濟中(zhong)所占的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)越來越重要(yao)(yao),石油(you)工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)規(gui)模也在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)加,在(zai)項目(mu)(mu)建設(she)過程(cheng)中(zhong),如何控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi),達(da)到總(zong)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)超概算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)目(mu)(mu)標,變得異常重要(yao)(yao)。眾所周(zhou)之,任何工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)都離(li)不(bu)開質量(liang)、進度(du)、投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)這(zhe)三大控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)點(dian),如何在(zai)保證質量(liang)和工(gong)期進度(du)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)已成為當前(qian)一個重要(yao)(yao)課(ke)題。長期以(yi)來,對于工(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),人們普遍認為主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)在(zai)建設(she)項目(mu)(mu)實(shi)施階(jie)段,忽視建設(she)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)各個環(huan)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)造價管理(li),錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de)(de)認為工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)階(jie)段需要(yao)(yao)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)人力、物力、財力的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)入,控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用支出也就控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)了工(gong)程(cheng)造價。其(qi)實(shi),工(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)有(you)多方面的(de)(de)(de)因素組(zu)成,投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)要(yao)(yao)由投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)決策階(jie)段、項目(mu)(mu)實(shi)施階(jie)段、工(gong)程(cheng)結算(suan)階(jie)段,多節(jie)點(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),才能達(da)到既定目(mu)(mu)標。 

  二、項目前期階段 

  項目前期(qi)階段中合理控(kong)制工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價,需從(cong)控(kong)制概算、大宗材料采購管(guan)理、施工(gong)單位確(que)定等方面做起。 

  (1)控(kong)制概(gai)算,首先要(yao)深入現(xian)場,搜集工程的有關資料,對工程進行(xing)多方(fang)(fang)案分析比較,從而(er)提出最優方(fang)(fang)案。最優方(fang)(fang)案不僅在(zai)技術上要(yao)先進、可行(xing),而(er)且在(zai)經濟上要(yao)合理。一般來(lai)說,工程前(qian)期(qi)階段要(yao)詳(xiang)細對現(xian)場進行(xing)踏勘,不僅要(yao)有技術人(ren)員參與,更(geng)要(yao)有經濟人(ren)員隨同(tong),要(yao)從征地賠償、設備選型、各項評價、項目施工、水工保(bao)護等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面詳(xiang)細計(ji)列子項,做到概(gai)算不漏(lou)項。 

  (2)嚴格大(da)宗(zong)材料采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)管理(li)(li)。對(dui)大(da)宗(zong)材料、關鍵設備由業(ye)(ye)主自(zi)行采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou),以降低(di)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)價格,同時利于保證供貨質量。同時,以嚴格規(gui)范的招(zhao)標采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)辦為物資(zi)(zi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)辦的主要(yao)形(xing)式,委托(tuo)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)機構進行物資(zi)(zi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)供應專(zhuan)項管理(li)(li),認真制定物資(zi)(zi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)和調(diao)撥計(ji)劃,提高物資(zi)(zi)中轉效率,減少(shao)物資(zi)(zi)倉儲(chu)管理(li)(li)成本。 

  (3)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位確定。為適應大型工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設項(xiang)目管理,科學合理有效地控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)資,應當采用與國(guo)際慣例接軌的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)模式,嚴格執行國(guo)家《建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單計(ji)價(jia)規范(fan)》的(de)規定,較好(hao)地適應工(gong)(gong)(gong)期緊(jin)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)大的(de)建設需(xu)求。近(jin)年來隨著工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)在石(shi)油工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)不(bu)斷應用,遵照(zhao)FIDIC合同條款,針對(dui)(dui)(dui)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)實際情(qing)況,對(dui)(dui)(dui)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件不(bu)斷地修改、完善,使招標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件更加(jia)規范(fan)科學,使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單計(ji)價(jia)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)準確、更具有可(ke)操作性(xing),同時加(jia)大了業主和承包(bao)商(shang)共擔(dan)風(feng)險的(de)力度。 

  原(yuan)油儲備油庫工(gong)程(cheng)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)所(suo)用工(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)分別(bie)由投(tou)標(biao)(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)匯總表(biao)(biao)、施工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)單(dan)項報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)表(biao)(biao)、其他費用報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)表(biao)(biao)、綜合單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)分析表(biao)(biao)、其他費用報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)明細(xi)表(biao)(biao)組成,并(bing)且對每張表(biao)(biao)的(de)填報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)要求作了嚴格規定和詳細(xi)說明。在招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件中,根據招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)圖紙按照工(gong)程(cheng)量計價(jia)(jia)(jia)特征(zheng)提供統一的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan),此清單(dan)貫穿于招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)全過(guo)程(cheng)和工(gong)程(cheng)建設全過(guo)程(cheng),并(bing)作為測算標(biao)(biao)底、投(tou)標(biao)(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)、索賠與反(fan)索賠、工(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)度款(kuan)支付等的(de)統一依據。 

  為了防止不(bu)平(ping)衡報(bao)價(jia)及(ji)惡性報(bao)價(jia),項(xiang)目(mu)部在招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)過程中引入(ru)了符合標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)的(de)規定:復合標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)=業主(zhu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)×50%+投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位有效報(bao)價(jia)平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)×50%;復合單(dan)(dan)價(jia)=業主(zhu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)單(dan)(dan)項(xiang)報(bao)價(jia)×50%+投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位單(dan)(dan)項(xiang)有效報(bao)價(jia)平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)×50%;如(ru)果(guo)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)超出或低于各投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位報(bao)價(jia)平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)50%的(de)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)不(bu)作(zuo)為復合標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)的(de)計算依(yi)據。這樣(yang)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)(dan)位投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)時就會慎重考(kao)慮,據實報(bao)價(jia)。 

  為體(ti)現公開(kai)(kai)、公正、公平(ping)的(de)評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze),在開(kai)(kai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)前需(xu)要(yao)制(zhi)訂詳(xiang)細的(de)評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)程序和文件,規定評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)紀律(lv)和保密守則(ze)(ze)、細化(hua)評分辦法和標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準。通(tong)常以”綜合評估法“進行評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),即商務標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分值占評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)分的(de)60%,技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分值占評標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)分的(de)40% 。通(tong)過(guo)對投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)施(shi)工組(zu)織(zhi)設計、業(ye)主(zhu)關注(zhu)問題的(de)建議、投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)不可替代施(shi)工人(ren)員、設備和同類工程工作經驗、商務報價的(de)合理性(xing)(xing)和完整性(xing)(xing)等方面進行綜合評價。 

  按照上述招標規定(ding)和(he)評標細則所(suo)評出(chu)的(de)(de)中標候選人,不(bu)但在施(shi)工(gong)技術方案可行、設備(bei)裝(zhuang)備(bei)優良、施(shi)工(gong)業績突出(chu),而且報價處于中等偏低的(de)(de)水(shui)平,體現(xian)了國際通行的(de)(de)”合(he)理低價中標”原則。 

  通過推廣工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單招標,可有(you)效地(di)降低和控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投(tou)資,提(ti)高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)水(shui)平,有(you)效地(di)實現“公平競爭、風險合(he)理(li)分(fen)擔、投(tou)資的(de)合(he)理(li)控制(zhi)、提(ti)高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)效率提(ti)高(gao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業的(de)技術和管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平等(deng)項目管(guan)理(li)目標。

三、項目實施階段 

  首先(xian),嚴格合同管理,保證工程投(tou)資的有效(xiao)控制。 

  1)所有(you)合(he)同(tong)(tong)必須經過(guo)合(he)同(tong)(tong)管理(li)系(xi)統流轉審批,嚴格合(he)同(tong)(tong)會(hui)簽(qian)制度,廣泛征(zheng)求(qiu)意見(jian),避(bi)免合(he)同(tong)(tong)條款的漏(lou)洞給成本(ben)控制帶來風險(xian)。 

  2)合同(tong)應由專人負責保(bao)管,專人負責所有工程合同(tong)的審(shen)核(he)、保(bao)管、存檔(dang)工作(zuo)。 

  3)施工(gong)、監理、設(she)計等(deng)合(he)(he)同,均(jun)由(you)造(zao)價(jia)部門負責組(zu)(zu)織會審、談判和簽訂;征地合(he)(he)同以及其他等(deng)合(he)(he)同,可(ke)以由(you)業務主管(guan)部門負責組(zu)(zu)織,必要時造(zao)價(jia)部門應參與合(he)(he)同談判過程。 

  4)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)會簽(qian)記(ji)錄(lu)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)變更(geng)備(bei)忘錄(lu)、合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)價格的(de)形成依據(ju)(ju)等原始記(ji)錄(lu)要隨(sui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)一起保(bao)(bao)管(guan),做到(dao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)責任的(de)可追蹤性(xing)。對于(yu)談判(pan)發包(bao)的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong),談判(pan)過(guo)程的(de)書面(mian)記(ji)錄(lu)應作為合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)依據(ju)(ju)隨(sui)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)保(bao)(bao)存。談判(pan)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)報(bao)價文件應由工程經濟專業人員(yuan)簽(qian)署和蓋(gai)章,作為合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)組成部分(fen)保(bao)(bao)存。 

  其次(ci),控制施(shi)工(gong)圖階段(duan)的(de)設計變(bian)(bian)更(geng),減少變(bian)(bian)更(geng)引起的(de)索賠(pei)給工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)本過程(cheng)(cheng)控制帶來的(de)不(bu)確(que)(que)(que)定(ding)性。制定(ding)嚴格的(de)變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)管理(li)程(cheng)(cheng)序,明(ming)確(que)(que)(que)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)責任,避免承包商(shang)的(de)不(bu)合(he)理(li)索賠(pei)和虛(xu)假索賠(pei)。對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量較大的(de)現場(chang)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量變(bian)(bian)更(geng)的(de)索賠(pei)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng),應由工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)專業人(ren)員在(zai)現場(chang)進(jin)行(xing)確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)。對(dui)索賠(pei)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)時效性,在(zai)合(he)同中作(zuo)出(chu)明(ming)確(que)(que)(que)規(gui)定(ding),特別是隱(yin)蔽工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)和土建工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)等事后難以準確(que)(que)(que)計量的(de)項目,簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)人(ren)員要(yao)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)前、施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中進(jin)行(xing)現場(chang)核查測(ce)量,變(bian)(bian)更(geng)項目完成(cheng)后及時進(jin)行(xing)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)證(zheng)確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)。 

  再(zai)次(ci),由于大型工(gong)程項(xiang)目一般均為跨年度(du)(du)工(gong)程,所以(yi)要認(ren)真編(bian)制(zhi)年度(du)(du)投資計(ji)(ji)劃(hua),制(zhi)定科學合理的(de)(de)資金(jin)使用(yong)需(xu)求計(ji)(ji)劃(hua),認(ren)真編(bian)制(zhi)季度(du)(du)投資計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)。根據工(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)進度(du)(du)分(fen)析編(bian)報月度(du)(du)資金(jin)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua),做(zuo)到既保證資金(jin)的(de)(de)及時到位又最(zui)大限度(du)(du)地減少流動(dong)資金(jin)的(de)(de)占用(yong)。 

  最(zui)后,嚴格執行(xing)目標(biao)成本責任(ren)制,根據工程(cheng)總造價,采(cai)取指(zhi)標(biao)分解的方式對工程(cheng)概算和各項費(fei)用(yong)進(jin)行(xing)指(zhi)標(biao)控制,并將(jiang)目標(biao)成本控制責任(ren)落(luo)實(shi)到(dao)部門、落(luo)實(shi)到(dao)崗位、落(luo)實(shi)到(dao)個人,使工程(cheng)成本控制達到(dao)全員管理、全過(guo)程(cheng)控制,保證工程(cheng)概算的完成。 

  四、項目結算(suan)階段 

  工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決算審(shen)核(he)是(shi)一(yi)項十(shi)分(fen)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作,它(ta)直接關系到(dao)甲乙雙方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)經濟利益。對建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位來(lai)說(shuo),要(yao)(yao)(yao)精打細(xi)(xi)算,盡可能(neng)(neng)降低工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia);對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位而言,為了追求經濟效益,通常(chang)多報(bao)結算以增加工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)。因此,從某種意義來(lai)講,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決算審(shen)核(he)實際(ji)上是(shi)雙方(fang)技術(shu)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)較量(liang)(liang)。建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位的(de)(de)(de)預算人(ren)員(yuan),不但要(yao)(yao)(yao)熟(shu)練掌握(wo)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計算規則(ze)、定額子目的(de)(de)(de)組成內容和(he)套用規定、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)計算程(cheng)(cheng)序,而且還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)掌握(wo)三者的(de)(de)(de)編制原理(li)(li)、內在聯系,唯(wei)此在應用中才能(neng)(neng)融會貫通、得心應手。此外(wai),造價(jia)(jia)人(ren)員(yuan)還(huan)應有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)知識(shi),既(ji)能(neng)(neng)對現場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)提出(chu)合理(li)(li)化建(jian)(jian)議,又可對簽證中的(de)(de)(de)不合理(li)(li)因素提出(chu)質疑。另外(wai),造價(jia)(jia)人(ren)員(yuan)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有耐心細(xi)(xi)致的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作作風,經常(chang)下(xia)工(gong)地了解現場情況,掌握(wo)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)動(dong)態。 

  五、結論 

  根據上述(shu)分析我們可(ke)以看(kan)出,造價(jia)控(kong)(kong)制的各個環(huan)節均會對(dui)工程(cheng)造價(jia)的形(xing)成產生影響,只(zhi)有(you)(you)在項(xiang)目建設(she)的各個階段,采用科學的計(ji)價(jia)方法和切合實際的計(ji)價(jia)依據,細化初步設(she)計(ji)概(gai)算,利用清單報價(jia)進行(xing)招投標、嚴格合同(tong)管理與材(cai)料管理環(huan)節,據實控(kong)(kong)制變更簽證,合理進行(xing)結算,才能(neng)對(dui)工程(cheng)造價(jia)的形(xing)成具有(you)(you)決(jue)定性作用,控(kong)(kong)制好這幾(ji)個環(huan)節就能(neng)有(you)(you)效控(kong)(kong)制造價(jia)。 



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