一、基本案情
A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)為光伏制造企業,為增值稅(shui)一般(ban)納稅(shui)人(ren)。 A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)與B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(一般(ban)納稅(shui)人(ren))簽(qian)訂(ding)多晶(jing)硅購銷合(he)同(tong),約定(ding)(ding)B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在2023年12月(yue)31日前向A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)提供多晶(jing)硅,不(bu)含(han)稅(shui)總金額為100萬元(yuan)(yuan)。合(he)同(tong)簽(qian)訂(ding)后,A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)向B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)支付定(ding)(ding)金20萬元(yuan)(yuan),B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)應A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)要(yao)求向A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)開(kai)具增值稅(shui)專用發票(piao)金額100萬元(yuan)(yuan)(不(bu)含(han)稅(shui))。由于市(shi)場行情變化(hua), A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)暫時(shi)不(bu)需要(yao)B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)提供的(de)多晶(jing)硅,2023年12月(yue)1日,經雙方友(you)好協商(shang),B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)向A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)提供多晶(jing)硅的(de)時(shi)間以A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)通知時(shi)間為準。
2024年1月(yue),B公司會計因為違反公司制度(du)被開(kai)(kai)除(chu),由此懷恨在心,向公安部門(men)舉報B公司向A公司虛開(kai)(kai)發票(piao)100萬(wan)元。公安經(jing)(jing)偵查后,認為A公司與B公司沒有(you)真實交易發生,多(duo)晶硅(gui)沒有(you)交付卻又(you)開(kai)(kai)具增值(zhi)稅專用發票(piao),遂以虛開(kai)(kai)增值(zhi)稅專用發票(piao)罪移送檢(jian)(jian)察院。A公司聘(pin)請律師介(jie)入,經(jing)(jing)閱卷后,向檢(jian)(jian)察機(ji)關提交了(le)代理(li)詞并附相應(ying)的證據,檢(jian)(jian)察院最(zui)后認定,本案(an)不構成犯罪,作出不起訴決定。
- 案涉爭議焦點及法律依據
本案的爭議焦點是(shi)A公(gong)司提前向B公(gong)司開(kai)具發票的行為是(shi)否(fou)構(gou)成虛開(kai)發票。
《中華人民共和國增值稅暫行條例》第十九條規定,增值稅納稅義務發生時間:(一)發生應稅銷售行為,為收訖銷售款項或者取得索取銷售款項憑據的當天;先開具發票的,為開具發票的當天。
《關(guan)于國家稅務總局關(guan)于納(na)稅人對外開(kai)具(ju)增(zeng)值稅專用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)票有關(guan)問(wen)題(ti)的公告的解讀》中舉了(le)一個案例,具(ju)有參考(kao)意義。該案例的內容是:某(mou)一正常經營(ying)的研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)企業,與客戶(hu)簽訂了(le)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)合(he)同,收取了(le)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)費用(yong),開(kai)具(ju)了(le)專用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)票,但研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)服(fu)務還(huan)沒有發(fa)(fa)(fa)生或者還(huan)沒有完成(cheng)。這種(zhong)情(qing)況下不能因(yin)為(wei)本(ben)公告列舉了(le)“向受票方納(na)稅人銷售了(le)貨(huo)物,或者提供(gong)了(le)增(zeng)值稅應稅勞務、應稅服(fu)務”,就判定(ding)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)企業虛開(kai)增(zeng)值稅專用(yong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)票。
綜上(shang),本案雙方簽訂(ding)了(le)交易合(he)同,支付(fu)了(le)相(xiang)應的定(ding)金,雖(sui)然有(you)沒(mei)有(you)交付(fu)貨物的提前開具發票,但也(ye)符(fu)合(he)相(xiang)關稅收法律法規規定(ding),不(bu)宜認定(ding)為沒(mei)有(you)真實交易,不(bu)屬于虛開發票。
- 一點啟示
在(zai)經濟活動中,提(ti)前(qian)開(kai)(kai)票現象(xiang)或者(zhe)多開(kai)(kai)票現象(xiang)比較(jiao)普遍。如(ru)果沒有充足證據的前(qian)提(ti)下(xia)(xia),往(wang)往(wang)會被公(gong)安或稽查認定為虛開(kai)(kai),從而讓企業(ye)和相關負(fu)責人面臨牢獄之災(zai)。為此,在(zai)提(ti)前(qian)開(kai)(kai)票或多開(kai)(kai)票的情況下(xia)(xia),建(jian)議做好如(ru)下(xia)(xia)防(fang)范措(cuo)施:
1.保(bao)存好交易磋商(shang)過程的所有(you)證據(ju)。如雙方的交易合同(tong)、資金(jin)支(zhi)付記錄(lu)、提前(qian)開(kai)票或多開(kai)票的原因證據(ju)(如對方要求(qiu)、雙方對賬暫(zan)估先開(kai)票等)、后續(xu)履行合同(tong)的具體計劃等。
2.如果(guo)開(kai)具發(fa)票或多開(kai)發(fa)票后,雙方達成了新的(de)合(he)意,解除了合(he)同,撤銷了交易。這種情況(kuang)下(xia),銷售方應該沖(chong)紅發(fa)票,購進方應該進項稅(shui)額(e)轉出(chu),否則,還是極其可能涉嫌虛(xu)開(kai)增值稅(shui)專用發(fa)票罪。
3.做(zuo)好(hao)發票和供銷(xiao)商(shang)臺賬管理。定期對(dui)每個供銷(xiao)商(shang)開(kai)具發票金額(e)、合同履行(xing)金額(e)、合同總(zong)金額(e)等數據進行(xing)配比分(fen)析,對(dui)有差異(yi)的數據及時分(fen)析原因,盡早(zao)找(zhao)到對(dui)策。
四、結論
提前開(kai)票并(bing)不可(ke)怕,只要保存好相關交易證據(ju),積極與檢查部(bu)門(men)溝通,積極配(pei)合(he),認(ren)真(zhen)整改,還是可(ke)以爭取到較好的處理結果。
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